Every woman’s period is different. Some women bleed for two days, while others may bleed for a full week. Your flow might be light and barely noticeable, or heavy enough to make you uncomfortable. You may or may not get cramps, and if you do, they could be mild or intensely painful.
As long as your periods stay consistent, there’s probably no reason to worry about them. But you should stay alert in case you experience any changes to your monthly menstrual cycle.
Here are seven symptoms that are worth reporting to your doctor.
If pregnancy isn’t the case, something else may be the cause of your skipped period, such as:
- Intense exercise or significant weight loss.
Overexercising can affect levels of hormones that control your menstrual cycle.
When you lose too much body fat through diet or exercise, your periods can stop
altogether. You need some body fat to manufacture hormones. - Weight gain. Gaining a lot of weight also
can throw off your hormone balance and disrupt your menstrual cycle. - Continuous birth control pills. Certain
birth control pills that provide a continuous dose of hormones means you’ll get
fewer periods, and in some cases, they can stop your periods altogether. - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). With
this condition, a hormone imbalance leads to irregular periods and the growth
of cysts in the ovaries. - Extreme stress. Being under stress can
throw off even the most regular menstrual cycle. - Perimenopause. If you’re in your late 40s
or early 50s, you might be in perimenopause. This is the period of time leading
up to menopause when estrogen levels decline. You’re officially in menopause
once your periods have stopped for 12
consecutive months, but your periods can fluctuate a lot in the years
leading up to menopause.
Period blood volume varies from woman to woman. Generally, if you soak through one or more pads or tampons an hour, you have menorrhagia — an abnormally heavy menstrual flow. Along with the heavy bleeding, you might have signs of anemia, such as fatigue or shortness of breath.
A heavy menstrual flow is common. About one-third of women will eventually see their doctor about it.
Causes of heavy menstrual bleeding include:
- A hormone imbalance. Conditions like PCOS
and an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) can affect your hormone production.
Hormonal changes can make your uterine lining thicken more than usual, leading
to heavier periods. - Fibroids or polyps. These noncancerous
growths in the uterus can cause bleeding that’s heavier than normal. - Endometriosis.
This condition is caused by tissue that normally lines your uterus growing in
other parts of your pelvis. In your uterus, that tissue swells up each month
and then is shed during your period. When it’s in other organs — like your
ovaries or fallopian tubes — the tissue has nowhere to go. - Adenomyosis. Similar to endometriosis, adenomyosis
is a condition that happens when tissue that normally lines the uterus grows
into the uterine wall. Here, it has nowhere to go, so it builds up and causes
pain. - Intrauterine device (IUD). This birth
control method can cause heavy bleeding as a side effect, especially during the
first year after you start using it. - Bleeding disorders. Inherited conditions
like Von Willebrand disease affect blood clotting. These disorders can also
cause abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding. - Pregnancy complications. An unusually
heavy flow could be a sign of a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. It can happen
so early that you may not realize you were pregnant. - Cancer. Uterine or cervical cancer can
cause heavy bleeding — but these cancers are often diagnosed after menopause.
Normal periods can last anywhere from two to seven days. Short periods may be nothing to worry about, especially if they’re typical for you. Using hormonal birth control can also shorten your cycle. Going into menopause can disrupt your normal cycles as well. But if your periods suddenly get much shorter, check in with your doctor.
Some of the same factors that cause heavy bleeding can make your periods longer than usual. These include a hormone imbalance, fibroids, or polyps.
Cramps are a normal part of periods. They’re caused by uterine contractions that push out your uterine lining. Cramps typically start a day or two before your flow begins, and last for two to four days.
For some women, cramps are mild and not bothersome. Others have more severe cramps, called dysmenorrhea.
Other possible causes of painful cramps include:
- fibroids
- an IUD
- endometriosis
- adenomyosis
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
- stress
There are a few reasons why you might notice spotting or bleeding in between periods. Some causes — like a change in birth control — aren’t serious. Others require a trip to your doctor.
Causes of bleeding between periods include:
- skipping or changing birth control pills
- STDs like chlamydia or gonorrhea
- PCOS
- an injury to the vagina (such as during sex)
- uterine polyps or fibroids
- pregnancy
- ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage
- perimenopause
- cervical, ovarian, or uterine cancer
Your breasts might feel a little tender during your periods. The cause of the discomfort is likely fluctuating hormone levels. Sometimes there is pain right up into your armpit where there is some breast tissue called the Tail of Spence.
But if your breasts hurt or the pain doesn’t coincide with your monthly cycle, get checked out. Although breast pain isn’t usually due to cancer, it can be a symptom of it in rare cares.
Some women normally get an upset stomach during menstruation. In one study,
If these symptoms aren’t normal for you, they could indicate PID or another medical condition. Because excessive diarrhea or vomiting can cause dehydration, report this symptom to your doctor.