TENS and EMS are two physical therapy techniques that may help treat pain or stimulate muscle contractions. Both are sometimes called electrical stimulation (e-stim).
In this article, we’ll look at the key similarities and differences between TENS and EMS units, what they’re used for, and whether they’re safe to use. Read on to find out which unit best suits your needs.
TENS and EMS units serve different purposes. However, they operate on the same principle. Both of them involve applying an electrical current to specific areas of your body.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive pain-relief technique. It requires using a small handheld or tabletop device, known as a TENS unit, which is connected via thin wires to adhesive pads.
The adhesive pads, known as electrodes, are placed directly against your skin. When the unit is turned on, the electrodes transmit low-voltage electrical signals to your body.
The frequency and intensity of these signals can be adjusted as necessary. These signals interfere with pain regulation.
A single treatment typically lasts 15 to 40 minutes. It’s not painful, but you might feel a slight tingling or warming sensation where the electrodes meet your skin.
It is important to note that TENS is not curative. This means that it will temporarily ease pain while being used. However, it will not be used to heal injuries.
What’s a TENS unit used for?
TENS machines may relieve pain caused by many conditions, including:
- arthritis
- fibromyalgia
- headaches and migraines
- labor pain
- menstrual pain
- nerve pain
- sports injuries
- surgery
- wounds and incisions
People use TENS in physical therapy and pain clinics. Some hospitals also use them. Handheld devices are also available to purchase for at-home use.
Electronic muscle stimulation (EMS) is a physical therapy and fitness technique. Like TENS, it involves a machine that transmits electrical impulses through electrodes that are applied directly to your skin.
Unlike TENS, though, the electrodes from an EMS machine are applied to key muscle groups. A common muscle group EMS is used on is the quadriceps after knee surgery.
The electrical signals trigger repeated contractions (tightening) of the muscles. The contractions can be short and frequent or long and sustained.
This process is not all that different from the voluntary muscle contractions associated with strength training.
What’s an EMS device used for?
EMS devices are used to “jumpstart” muscle contractions otherwise known as neuromuscular re-education.
They may be found in fitness centers, as well as in physical therapy and rehabilitation clinics. Many EMS devices are also designed and sold for at-home use.
The electrical impulse from an EMS device is stronger than that from a TENS machine. An EMS device shouldn’t be used to treat pain, and may cause damage to wound sites and incisions.
The research on electrical stimulators is mixed. While TENS machines have been in use for decades, few quality studies have proven their effectiveness.
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Most supporting research, like this 2018 study, shows the effectiveness of EMS when used on people following orthopedic surgeries, such as an ACL repair.
A 2012 study evaluated the use of EMS among elite athletes. The authors concluded that EMS devices were a promising alternative to traditional strength training.
While both machines are generally thought to be safe, they can cause side effects. For instance, people with sensitive skin may experience irritation where the electrodes attach to your skin.
In addition, the current may be too strong for some people, causing shocks or burning sensations. These side effects are more likely with EMS units, since they deliver a stronger current.
If you have a heart condition, you should talk with a healthcare provider before using a TENS or EMS machine. These devices may also interfere with:
- pacemakers
- defibrillators
- similar devices
Similarly, it’s not clear how TENS or EMS units affect unborn babies. Pregnant people should avoid using them in regions where an electrical current might transmit to their baby.
If you want to use a TENS machine during labor, talk with your midwife or healthcare provider first.
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Also, sellers cannot make false claims about the safety or effectiveness of these machines. TENS and EMS units that do not meet the FDA’s standards are illegal. They are more likely to pose safety risks.
If you want to treat pain, a TENS machine might be helpful. An EMS unit may be beneficial:
- if you are recovering from a knee surgery
- under the direction of a physical therapist
- to improve muscle contractions while working out
Before shopping for either device, talk with your healthcare provider or physical therapist. They may be able to recommend a product or, depending on your health status, offer advice on other options.
When shopping, take the time to evaluate the machine’s features, such as:
- battery life
- portability
- output intensity
Before making a purchase, check the seller’s return policy and warranty options. Also, be sure to only consider units that are FDA approved.
It’s important to watch out for any unproven claims associated with either type of machines.
For instance, although a TENS machine may help with temporary relief of pain, it isn’t a miracle cure.
And while an EMS unit may help you tone your muscles, it probably won’t help you magically shed a significant amount of weight.
TENS and EMS units use electrical currents. TENS devices may treat pain, while EMS devices may stimulate and strengthen your muscles.
It’s currently unclear just how effective these devices are and more, larger-scale research is needed to confirm how well they work. They are, however, safe for most people to use.
Before using a TENS or EMS machine, consult a healthcare provider to make sure these devices are well suited to you and your needs.
