When an issue develops in the joint that allows your mouth to open and close, it can be painful. Most of the time, though, it responds well to conservative treatment and TMJD medications.
You have two temporomandibular joints (TMJs). They are located on opposite sides of your head, directly in front of your ears. They’re the joints that allow your jaw to hinge open and shut.
When this area becomes painful, stops functioning correctly, or starts making unusual noises, you may be experiencing temporomandibular joint dysfunction, formally known as temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD, also sometimes referred to as TMD or TJD).
There are many different causes of TMJDs. Joint friction, bone changes, arthritis, and muscle weakness can all be underlying factors.
While lifestyle changes and other conservative approaches make a difference for most people, you may find additional symptom relief through TMJD medications.
There’s no magic pill that works for all types of TMJDs. In fact, there’s no medication specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for TMJD treatment.
A doctor can make a recommendation based on your level of discomfort, present impairment, and the root cause of the TMJD.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
NSAIDs
Common NSAIDS include:
Research from 2017 suggests that certain NSAIDs, like ibuprofen and naproxen, have been proven effective for dental pain, which makes them reasonable options for TMJD.
Opioids
Opioids are pain relievers or analgesics. They work by blocking pain channels in the brain and altering brain chemistry. However, because they can lead to dependency and addiction, they’re prescribed only when other pain medications aren’t working well, especially if TMJD is chronic.
Examples include:
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids have potent anti-inflammatory effects. They’re used to help treat moderate to severe TMJD and can be taken by mouth, applied topically, or delivered into the TMJ by injection.
Common corticosteroids used for TMJD include:
- methylprednisolone
- triamcinolone hexacetonide
Muscle relaxants
TMJD isn’t limited to your bone connections. Your muscles around the TMJ may also be overactive. They can spasm or tense, contributing to your discomfort. When this happens, muscle relaxants can help.
Examples of muscle relaxants used for TMJD include:
Antidepressants
While it may sound strange to take an antidepressant for a jaw condition, these medications have been prescribed as TMJD treatments for more than 3 decades, according to the 2017 research mentioned earlier.
Antidepressants suppress the activity of the central nervous system (CNS). When the CNS is less active, it dampens pain signals and muscle stimulation.
Antidepressants have varying effects when it comes to TMJD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, for example, are effective for mouth and facial pain, but tricyclic antidepressants appear to be the most effective for TMJD, the 2017 research found.
Examples of antidepressants for TMJD include:
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are another type of drug that affects the CNS. They’re prescribed to treat many different conditions, including seizures, muscle spasms, anxiety, and insomnia.
In TMJD, they’re
Examples include:
- diazepam
- lorazepam
- alprazolam
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants work to decrease neuronal excitement and have been found to help with nerve-related pain. Little evidence supports the use of anticonvulsants for TMJD, however.
Anticonvulsant medications include:
Topicals
Topical medications, like capsaicin cream, may help relieve muscle pain in the jaw the same way they do in other areas of the body. Research is limited, but this
Take care with using these creams close to your eyes.
Get involved with clinical trials
Despite the fact that TMJD affects
Clinical trials offer a way to explore emerging treatment options, and they’re also a great opportunity to help pave the way for others living with TMJD. Make sure to talk with your doctor before beginning a clinical trial.
You can learn more about TMJD clinical trials by visiting:
Every TMJD medication comes with potential side effects. Speaking with your doctor can help ensure you’re aware of all the pros and cons.
NSAIDS
- stomach ulcers
- gastric bleeding
- stomach upset
- dangerous medication interactions
- impaired heart and kidney function
- poor blood clotting
exacerbation of high blood pressure
Opioids
Corticosteroids
- hypertension
- electrolyte imbalance
- acute adrenal crisis
- bone resorption
- lowered immune response
- soft tissue atrophy
Muscle relaxants
- drowsiness
- headache
- agitation
- low blood pressure
- dangerous medication interactions
Antidepressants
- stomach upset
- nausea
- vomiting
- headache
- sexual dysfunction
- dry mouth
- sweating
- dizziness
- fatigue
- insomnia
- increased teeth grinding
Benzodiazepines
- memory loss
- confusion
- drowsiness
- impaired coordination
- physical dependence
- dangerous food and medication interactions
Anticonvulsants
- dizziness
- drowsiness
- dry mouth
- edema
- weight gain
- blurred vision
- difficulty concentrating
Topicals
- skin irritation
- redness or discoloration
- swelling
- burning sensation
- pain
The cost and coverage of TMD medications will depend on the medication, your dose, the duration of treatment, and if those medications are prescription or over the counter (OTC).
Certain OTC NSAIDs may cost you less than $10.00 for a bottle. Prescription products can be more expensive.
When it comes to insurance coverage, unfortunately, the TMJ Association indicates insurance policies don’t often cover TMD due to the limited evidence supporting treatments and the uncertainty regarding TMD causes.
Your insurance carrier will be able to tell you if they offer TMJD coverage. They may require your doctor to provide proof that these treatments have been deemed medically necessary.
Alternative treatments for temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Traditional medications aren’t the only options when it comes to treating TMJD. Other promising and emerging therapies include:
- dietary supplements
- cannabis or CBD
- prolotherapy
- biologics
- joint and muscle injections
- massage
If more conservative treatments fail to bring you relief, surgery may be an option.
“Temporomandibular joint dysfunction” is a broad term for disorders that affect the TMJ.
While most people respond well to conservative therapies like stress reduction and range of motion exercises, medication may help reduce pain and inflammation. There are many medications on the market that could bring you relief, so talk with your doctor about the best option for you.