Researchers discover that Americans who need medical services will go to an emergency department about half the time.
When Americans need healthcare, about half the time they’ll head to the emergency room.
That’s the finding of a new study by researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
The researchers examined data from several national healthcare databases covering all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1996 and 2010.
In 2010, they found there were almost 130 million emergency department visits in the United States.
Over the 14-year period examined in the study, emergency room visits increased by 44 percent.
“Emergency care plays a significant role in healthcare delivery. We found that half of all hospital-associated medical care provided between 1996 and 2010 was provided in emergency departments,” Dr. David Marcozzi, an author of the study and associate professor in the University of Maryland School of Medicine Department of Emergency Medicine, told Healthline.
“I believe the surprisingly high proportion of medical care being delivered by emergency departments stems from multiple factors: access to healthcare, consumer-driven needs, an appreciation for the comprehensive care delivered by emergency departments, and the ability of emergency departments to fill a critical gap with regard to care delivered to vulnerable populations,” he said.
Marcozzi and his colleagues found that certain groups were more likely to use the emergency department as their preferred method of healthcare.
Those in the “other” insurance category, including people without insurance, were the most likely to visit emergency rooms.
People living in the South were also more likely to visit the emergency department when compared with other areas of the country.
African-American patients were significantly more likely to visit the emergency department than other racial groups.
In 2010, African-American patients used the emergency department 54 percent of the time. In urban areas, the rate was higher, at 59 percent.
Marcozzi says the study draws attention to health disparities experienced by certain communities in the United States.
He believes emergency departments are bridging a gap in care for such communities.
“As health literacy or healthcare access during business hours are often barriers to care, emergency departments open 24/7 fill the gap and support that individual or family in need of medical evaluation and treatment,” he said. “[Emergency departments] accept this role and responsibility, but also recognize that seamless connectivity to outpatient physician and services could be better coordinated and optimized. This is an area ripe for improvement, and should be a focus of attention.”
The high rate of emergency room visits is a hotly debated topic. Some argue it’s indicative of poor prevention strategies and outpatient resources.
Dr. Shoshana Herzig, director of hospital medicine research at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, says the study shows a need for more flexibility and convenience in outpatient practices.
“Not only do we likely need greater access via increased availability of primary care doctors and appointment slots, but we need greater flexibility in appointment times to accommodate working adults and greater flexibility in scheduling,” Herzig told Healthline.
She suggested evening hours for working adults as well as online scheduling to select open appointment slots as possible solutions.
Herzig practices in Boston. She says that over the same time period as the study, she’s seen an increase of crowding in emergency departments.
In the past, the response to overcrowded emergency departments in Boston has been to divert patients to other hospitals when possible.
But as more hospitals in the area became inundated with patients, the policy was changed, and patients may no longer be diverted.
This has forced her hospital to come up with another solution. But she says it’s far from perfect.
“We have created a new emergency protocol for when the [emergency department] is overcrowded, which allows patients to be moved into the main part of the hospital sooner than they otherwise might be, and care to be shifted to the inpatient teams at an earlier point,” she said. “This obviously is not an ideal situation, as patients are often in non-private settings (like hallways), and the workup is less complete prior to transfer to inpatient, which can lead to patients being assigned to teams that may not be ideal for the care of that patient.”
It’s not just the patients who are feeling the impact of overcrowded emergency departments.
Herzig says doctors working in overcrowded emergency rooms are forced to care for more patients in the same amount of time. This leads to physician burnout and patient safety issues, she says.
The Affordable Care Act was signed into law in 2010, so Marcozzi’s study doesn’t examine the impact of Obamacare.
But he believes insurance coverage, or lack thereof, is a contributing factor for patients attending the emergency department.
He says patients being able to attend an emergency department without insurance is part of the reason emergency departments are so busy.
“I think [emergency departments] are successful because they satisfy consumer’s (in this case patient’s) needs. They are always open and ready to treat anyone for any condition, regardless of payer,” he said.
Herzig says better insurance coverage for more people will take some of the burden off emergency departments.
“Insurance coverage is often suboptimal, and patients will often put off getting healthcare until they really need it, thinking they will save money that way by avoiding the copays associated with multiple doctor’s visits. When their condition gets worse, they wind up in the [emergency department]. This is why we need better insurance coverage and plans that incentivize outpatient care over [emergency department] care,” she said.
Given the structure of the healthcare system in the United States and systemic issues surrounding lack of access to healthcare — in particular for vulnerable groups — Marcozzi says the rate of emergency department visits is unlikely to decrease soon.
This is cause for concern, he says.
“As emergency departments struggle with the burden of increasing numbers of patients, the number of emergency departments in the United States is decreasing, and providers are more challenged to provide optimal, timely care. This divergence puts increasing strain on an already challenged emergency care system,” Marcozzi said.
“Efforts are needed to modify healthcare delivery systems so that this care is more seamlessly connected to the larger health delivery system. This is critical to our nation’s health and resilience,” he added.