After exposure to a traumatic event, some people develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a psychiatric disorder affecting mood and cognition. It also has profound physical effects.
PTSD is often accompanied by inflammation. The condition frequently occurs
“When a person experiences extreme stress or prolonged stress, it causes physical changes in the way the systems of the body interact,” Gretchen N. Neigh, PhD, an associate professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, told Healthline.
Let’s unpack what we know about this linkage.
Up until recently, much of the research around PTSD and its effects has been based on men who have served in the military. In the past 5 years, researchers have looked at people in the general population who have been affected by trauma.
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The study was observational, so it didn’t establish a causal relationship between stress and autoimmune diseases — just an association.
“The study does show that there is an increased chance of developing autoimmune disease in individuals who manifest a stress-related disorder, such as PTSD. Additional research is necessary to show causation,” said Neigh.
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Because the brain becomes altered from stress and is responsible to coordinate different bodily systems, it can change the way those systems function. Research has shown key markers of stress within the body.
The immune system is particularly sensitive to stress.
The primary stress hormone of the body, cortisol, has influence over the immune system. It generally helps to balance immune function.
When stress is severe, the control of cortisol over the immune system can be permanently impaired, leading to increased inflammation.
“The increase in inflammation can lead to a range of diseases and disorders, including autoimmune disorders, heart disease, and diabetes,” Neigh said.
Which disorder develops is often a combination of genetics and previous exposures.
In the case of PTSD, it has a slew of effects on our physiology.
Researchers have found that some people with PTSD show
- C-reactive protein
- interleukin-6
- tumor necrosis factor-α
The stress response system, however, may be the driving force behind autoimmune symptoms.
Normally, cortisol — the primary messenger of the stress response — works as a natural inhibitor of inflammation.
“This is why doctors often prescribe synthetic cortisol analogs to treat inflammatory conditions,” Neigh explains.
When stress is pervasive or extreme, the body begins to become resistant to cortisol or doesn’t produce as much cortisol. When this happens, inflammation can increase due to a lack of endogenous inhibition. This increase in inflammation can lead to a range of diseases and disorders including autoimmune diseases, Neigh said.
“Stress probably doesn’t cause autoimmune disease by itself,” noted Suzanne Segerstrom, PhD, a psychology professor at the University of Kentucky. “However, for people who are already predisposed, perhaps because of a genetic predisposition, stress might be one of the factors that leads the disease to develop.”
Stress impairs some kinds of immunity and activates others. Acute stress (like test taking or public speaking) can activate the immune system to become more effective. Long lasting or “chronic” stress exhausts immune function and impairs immune function and health.
“Unfortunately, the kind of immunity that stress activates is associated with more systemic inflammation, which can have negative health effects,” Segerstrom said. “Activation in that system for people who are already predisposed to autoimmune disease could increase the risk that they develop the disease.”
Segerstrom said it’s important for people with stress-related disorders not to worry that they may wind up with an autoimmune disease, though.
Immune systems are complex, noted Darin Ingels, ND, a fellow with the American Academy of Environmental Medicine.
It’s likely that the pathway transforming stress into physical ailments includes a combination of oxidative stress and changes in gut microflora. They can both trigger autoimmunity issues, he explains.
“We don’t know the extent to which stress causes autoimmune disease, but the rate of autoimmune diseases has gone up drastically over the past decade or more,” Ingels said.
While the recent study adds to the research showing the link between stress and autoimmunity issues, detailed research may be able to better explain the link.
Neigh said that the medical community isn’t completely sure about the pathway that may cause stress disorders to cause autoimmune diseases.
They also don’t know how to fix damage caused by stress.
Treating the stress when it shows up may protect or prevent an autoimmune disease from developing.
“It is important to recognize that what we consider mental health disorders are physical disorders,” Neigh noted.
Over time, they can manifest effects in the physical body.
In the meantime, it’s a good idea to get a handle on our stress levels. There are many ways to prevent or reduce stress, including:
- relaxation
- meditation
- stress management skills
“[Stressors are] not going away. We cannot vaccinate against it nor can we cure it with a pill,” explained Shanta Rishi Dube, PhD, an associate professor at Georgia State University who has
The new study has a few advancements over previous studies on the topic.
It includes women, which gives researchers more insight into stress physiology because it differs between genders, Neigh said.
Other studies have focused on more narrow populations, such as veterans or a few autoimmune diseases.
This research covers a large population and a wide span of autoimmune diseases.
Also, using a sibling cohort further strengthened the results by controlling for several important psychosocial and biological factors, Neigh added.