Cerebral Palsy Health Article

Definition

Cerebral palsy is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body movements and muscle coordination. It is caused by damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal development or during infancy.

Description

Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella-like term used to describe a group of chronic disorders impairing movement control that appear in the first few years of life and generally do not worsen over time. The disorders are caused by faulty development or damage to motor areas in the brain that disrupt the brain's ability to control movement and posture. The causes of such cerebral insults include vascular, metabolic, infectious, toxic, traumatic, hypoxic (lack of oxygen) and genetic causes. The mechanism that originates cerebral palsy involves multi-factorial causes, but much is still unknown.

Cerebral palsy distorts messages from the brain to cause either increased muscle tension (hypertonus) or reduced muscle tension (hypotonus). Sometimes this tension will fluctuate, becoming more or less obvious.

Symptoms of CP include difficulty with fine motor tasks (such as writing or using scissors) and difficulty maintaining balance or walking. Symptoms differ from person to person and may change over time. Some people with CP are also affected by other medical disorders, including seizures or mental impairment. Early signs of CP usually appear before three years of age. Infants with this disease are frequently slow to reach developmental milestones such as learning to roll over, sit, crawl, smile, or walk.

Causes of CP may be congenital (present at birth) or acquired after birth. Several of the causes that have been identified through research are preventable or treatable: head injury, jaundice, Rh incompatibility, and rubella (German measles). Cerebral palsy is diagnosed by testing motor skills and reflexes, examining the medical history, and employing a variety of specialized tests. Although its symptoms may change over time, this disorder by definition is not progressive. If a patient shows increased impairment, the physician considers an alternative diagnosis.