Cayenne (Capsicum frutescens, C. annum) is a stimulating herb that is well known for its pungent taste and
smell. Cayenne is a popular spice used in many different regional styles of cooking, but it has also been used medicinally for thousands of years.
The name cayenne is derived from a Tupi word, "kyinha." The cayenne plant produces long red peppers and grows to a height of 2–6 ft (0.5–2 m). The plant is native to tropical areas of America and is cultivated throughout the world in tropic and subtropic climate zones. Most of the United States' cayenne supply is imported from India and Africa.
Cayenne is a member of the genus Capsicum. Other species of this genus include Tabasco peppers, African peppers, Mexican chili peppers, bell peppers, pimentoes, paprikas, and bird peppers. Cayenne is often referred to as chili, which is the Aztec name for cayenne pepper.
The main medicinal properties of cayenne are derived from a chemical called capsaicin. Capsaicin is the ingredient that gives peppers their heat. A pepper's capsaicin content ranges from 0–1.5%. Peppers are measured according to heat units. The degree of heat determines the peppers' value and usage. Generally, the hotter the pepper, the more capsaicin it contains. In addition to adding heat to the pepper, capsaicin acts to relieve pain and reduce platelet stickiness. Other constituents of cayenne are vitamins C and E and carotenoids.
Cayenne has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-septic, diuretic, analgesic, expectorant, and diaphoretic properties. The dried ripe fruit and seeds of the plant are used for medicinal purposes. Cayenne is available in many forms, including capsules, ointments, liniments, tinctures, creams, oils, and dried powders.
Origin
Cayenne was originally grown in Central and South America in pre-Columbian times. It was cultivated in Mexico 7,000 years ago and in Peru 4,000 years ago. Native Americans have used cayenne as a food and as a medicine for stomach aches, cramping pains, gas, and disorders of the circulatory system for 9,000 years. Cayenne was brought to Europe in the fifteenth century by Christopher Columbus. From Europe, cayenne was transported to tropical regions around the world, where it is now grown.
General use
Today cayenne is used worldwide to treat a variety of health conditions, including weak digestion, chronic pain, shingles, heart disease, sore throats, headaches, high cholesterol levels, poor circulation, and toothache.
Indian Ayurvedic, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean medicines use cayenne to treat many different conditions. One Ayurvedic remedy for pain combines cayenne and mustard seeds into a paste to be applied to the affected area. Ayurvedic medicine also utilizes cayenne to treat gas and poor digestion. Chinese medicine employs cayenne for digestive ailments. An ointment or tincture made from cayenne is used in China and Japan to heal frostbite and myalgia (muscle pains). The German Commission E has approved cayenne in the treatment of painful muscle spasms, arthritis, rheumatism, neuralgia, lumbago, and chilblains.
Digestive aid
Cayenne is used as a digestive aid throughout India, the East Indies, Africa, Mexico, and the Caribbean. When taken internally, cayenne soothes the digestive tract and stimulates the flow of saliva and stomach secretions. These secretions contain substances that help digest food.
Cayenne is also used to relieve constipation as it stimulates gastric secretions, thereby activating a sluggish gastrointestinal tract.
Circulatory helper
Many people take cayenne internally to treat and prevent heart disease. The intake of cayenne has been found to have a positive effect on the circulatory system. Cayenne may reduce the risk of heart attacks. It has been shown to lower cholesterol levels and the risk of blood clots. Studies have shown cayenne to lower blood pressure. A study in India showed that cayenne prevented a rise in liver and serum cholesterol levels when taken with dietary cholesterol.
Pain relief
Cayenne is a proven remedy for the temporary relief of pain, both external and internal. Its analgesic effect acts to distract sensory nerves from the irritation or pain, which results in a temporary abatement of pain. The capsaicin in cayenne depletes substance P, a chemical that sends pain signals to the brain from the local nervous system. When there is a lack of substance P, the sensation of pain diminishes because it cannot reach the brain.
Capsaicin has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for pain caused by shingles, an adult disease that is caused by the virus that causes chicken pox in children. Such over-the-counter (OTC) creams as Zostrix or Heet contain capsaicin and are applied externally to treat rheumatic and arthritic pains, cluster headaches, diabetic foot pain, fibromyalgia, and post-herpetic nerve pain. These creams usually contain 0.025–0.075% capsaicin.
Research in 2002 helped to quantify capsaicin's pain relieving effects. Creams containing the compound lowered pain in arthritis sufferers' hands by 40 percent when used four times a day and 77 percent of people with pain from long-term shingles had reduced pain after using the cream for four months. The study also said that capsaicin-containing cream is less expensive and safer than other painkillers used for the same conditions.
Other conditions
Cayenne can be an effective remedy for relieving congestion and coughs. It acts to thin mucus, thus improving the flow of body fluids. It is also used to boost energy and relieve stress-related fatigue and depression. Late in the 1990s, British journals reported that people taking cayenne daily increased their fat metabolism and had decreased appetites. In addition, cayenne can be used as a treatment to prevent thumb sucking and nail biting in children.
Preparations
Internal dosage: Cayenne should be taken internally as directed by an experienced practitioner.
Creams: Use as directed. Generally creams must be applied three or four times per day for two to three weeks before their effects are felt.
Oil: Cayenne oil may be rubbed on sprains, swelling, and sore muscles and joints to relieve pain. It should not, however, be applied to open cuts or broken skin.
Tea: To ease gas and stomach cramps or to help promote digestion, a tea may be made by adding 0.25 tsp of cayenne to 1 cup of hot water. When taken as a hot tea, cayenne will induce sweating. Taken as a cold tea, cayenne works as a diuretic, increasing urination. Cayenne teas, however, should not be given to children.
Toothache: Chewing on a hot pepper may provide temporary relief from toothache.
Cold feet: Ground cayenne added to talcum powder or cornstarch can be placed inside a pair of socks. The cayenne causes the blood vessels under the skin of the feet to dilate, thus stimulating extra blood flow and providing warmth to the feet.
Sore throat: To treat a sore throat, combine cayenne with myrrh and gargle as needed. This mixture can also be used as an antiseptic mouthwash. Again, this treatment should not be given to children.
Precautions
To avoid irritating sensitive tissues, do not apply heating pads or hot compresses to areas of the skin where cayenne has been applied.
Do not apply cayenne to an area for longer than two days since the heat may cause nerve damage. Allow four days to pass before applying cayenne in the same location.
Avoid contact with mucous membranes, eyes, open wounds, and sensitive areas.
Wash hands after using cayenne or wear gloves when applying it externally.
Persons with an active gastrointestinal ulcer should not use cayenne internally without consulting a physician.
Side effects
Cayenne may irritate the mouth, throat, eyes, and open wounds. Drinking a glass of milk may relieve burning in the mouth and throat caused by consumption of cayenne. The protein in the milk helps to counteract the capsaicin.
Large internal doses of cayenne may produce vomiting and/or stomach pain.
Interactions
Asthma patients who are taking theophylline should consult a physician before taking cayenne. Cayenne may increase the amount of theophylline absorbed by the patient's system, thus possibly leading to toxicity.
BOOKS
Lininger, D.C., Skye. The Natural Pharmacy. Rocklin, CA: Prima Health, 1998.
PERIODICALS
Ackerson, Amber. "Scaling Down: Lose that Pear Shape with These Safe Supplements." Better Nutrition (August 2002): 40–42.
"Non-Drug Pain Relief." Women's Health Letter (September 2002): 4.
Tyler, Varro E. "Six Hot Remedies from 1 Red-Hot Pepper." Prevention (February 1999): 76.
