Radiculopathy : Risk Factors

Is it absolutely necessary for a diabetic who does not have high blood pressure to take a blood pressure pill anyway?

My 75-year-old father has cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism. He also has type 2 diabetes. How will the cirrhosis affect his diabetes?

Osteoarthritis(OA) is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage that may result in the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of the joints. The name osteoarthritis comes from three Greek words meaning bo...

Osteoarthritis(OA) is the most common joint disorder.Hypertrophic osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis; Degenerative joint disease; DJD; OA; Arthritis- osteoarthritis.Most of the time, the cause of OA is unknown. It is mainly related to aging, but metab...

This report includes sections on osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system, medications, diet, exercise, and the emotional strain of living with arthritis.

Detailed information on osteoarthritis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Osteoarthritis(OA), which is also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease(DJD), is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage and resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of th...

One of the most important things you should do if you show symptoms of osteoarthritis -- recurring pain, aching, stiffness or swelling in or around a joint --is to see your doctor as soon as possible. Osteoarthritis usually comes on slowly.

Osteoarthritis is a disease that causes the cartilage in your joints to break down. Osteoarthritis becomes more common as people get older.

Detailed information on osteoarthritis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of the joint''s cartilage.Osteoarthritis is one of the oldest and most common types of arthritis. With the breakdown of cartilage, the part of the joint that cushions the...

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of the joint''s cartilage.Osteoarthritis is one of the oldest and most common types of arthritis. With the breakdown of cartilage, the part of the joint that cushions the...

Osteoarthritis is particularly common among older people, but it is not an inevitable part of aging and age does not cause OA. In other words, it is not "normal" for an elderly person to have joint pain. Anyone who has bothersome joint pain, elderly or not, should be thoroughly evaluated by a health care provider.

The diagnoses provided are among the most common that could explain your symptoms, but the list is not exhaustive and there are many other possibilities. In addition, more than one condition may be present at the same time. For example, a person with rheumatoid arthritis could also have ulnar neuropathy because swelling in the elbow compresses the nearby nerve.

Osteoarthritis(OA), which is also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease(DJD), is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage and resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts at the margins of th...

Osteoarthritis can develop in any joint. But some joints are more likely to be affected.

A discussion of the symptoms and treatment of the most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis, which is also called degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is primarily a disease that results from the breakdown and loss of cartilage in joints(e.g., knees, hips, wrists). Cartilage, a connective tissue that cover...

Taking arthritis medication is important, but what you do for yourself, including exercising, doing relaxation exercises and managing your emotions and attitudes, is just as crucial to your ability to lead an active, productive life.

Osteoarthritis doesn't have to keep you from leading an active life. You can help control symptoms by exercising and watching your weight.

A description of osteoarthritis, including a list of ailments commonly confused with it.

Exercise does not increase the risk for osteoarthritis, and in fact is beneficial for those who have it, because it helps to strengthen muscles, improve balance and flexibility, ease stiffness, and promote overall health and well-being.

Certain symptoms suggest a serious cause of ankle pain that requires prompt attention. It's important to ask questions about these symptoms first.

The less unnecessary stress you put on your joints, the less likely they are to wear out prematurely.

Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, most often affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips. It also can affect the hands and spine.

Osteoarthritis results when a joint begins to wear out. One or more joints in the body may be affected. The tendency to develop this condition may run in your family. Or it may be caused by an injury you had years ago.

Studies show that knee problems related to arthritis are not alleviated by supplements. Experts advise using a brace, orthotics, good-quality running shoes, and exercise.

Scoliosis is a side-to-side curvature of the spine.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears perfectly straight. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined with a rotation of the vertebrae.

Scoliosis is a curving of the spine. The spine curves away from the middle or sideways.Congenital(present at birth) scoliosis is due to a problem with the formation of the spine bones(vertebrae) or fused ribs during development in the womb.

Experts aren't sure what causes most scoliosis, but if anyone in your family has it, your child has a 20 percent chance of developing it.

Scoliosis is defined as an abnormal side-to-side or front-to-back curvature of the spine.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears perfectly straight. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined with a rota...

Scoliosis surgery repairs abnormal curving of the spine( scoliosis). The goal is to safely straighten the spine, align your child’s shoulders and hips, and give you long-term correction for your child’s back problem.Spinal curvature su...

Your doctor will suggest the best treatment for you based on your age, how much more you are likely to grow, and the size and type of your spinal curve.

Scoliosis is a side-to-side curvature of the spine.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears perfectly straight. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined with a rotation of the vertebrae.

Detailed information on scoliosis, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Scoliosis is a side-to-side curvature of the spine of 10 degrees or greater.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears to form a straight vertical line. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined with a rot...

Detailed information on scoliosis, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Detailed information on scoliosis, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Detailed information on scoliosis, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Scoliosis is a side-to-side curvature of the spine of 10 degrees or greater.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears to form a straight vertical line. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined with a rot...

Scoliosis is a problem that makes the spine curve and twist from side to side. It is most often found in girls in their early teens. But boys can have it, too.

Detailed information on scoliosis, including types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Scoliosis is a side-to-side(lateral) curvature of the spine of 10 degrees or greater.When viewed from the rear, the spine usually appears to form a straight vertical line. Scoliosis is a lateral(side-to-side) curve in the spine, usually combined w...

Beginning in childhood or adolescence, scoliosis curves the spine so that the shape of the body is distorted. The disease can cause pain, deformity, and other medical problems if not properly treated.

Detailed information on the most common growth-related disorders in children There are many growth-related disorders that require clinical care by a physician or other healthcare professional. Listed below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview.

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is a relatively common disease that causes inflammation of the area where ligaments and tendons insert into the bone. The inflammatory process eventually leads to reduced mobility or immobility of affected joints.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a long-term disease that causes inflammation of the joints between the spinal bones and the joints between the spine and the pelvis. It eventually causes the affected spinal bones to join together.Rheumatoid spondylitis; ...

Detailed information on ankylosing spondylitis, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is a relatively common disease that causes inflammation of the area where ligaments and tendons insert into the bone. The inflammatory process eventually leads to reduced mobility or immobility of affected joints.

Detailed information on ankylosing spondylitis, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is a systemic disorder that refers to inflammation of the joints in the spine. AS is the primary disease in an entire group of conditions known as seronegative spondylarthropathies.

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) refers to inflammation of the joints in the spine. AS is also known as rheumatoid spondylitis or Marie-Strümpell disease(among other names).A form of arthritis, AS is characterized by chronic inflammation, causing p...

Usually referred to as the flu or grippe, influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease. The disease is caused by certain strains of the influenza virus.

The flu is a contagious infection of the nose, throat, and lungs caused by the influenza virus.In temperate climates, influenza A usually arrives between early winter and early spring. Influenza B can appear at any time of the year.The most common...

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Usually referred to as the flu or grippe, influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease. The disease is caused by certain strains of the influenza virus.

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Usually referred to as the flu or grippe, influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease. Its name comes from the Italian word for"influence," because people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that the disease was caused by the influence o...

Usually referred to as the flu or grippe, influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by certain strains of influenza virus. When the virus is inhaled it attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract causing typical flu symptoms suc...

You can protect yourself against these illnesses. It's also important to know the symptoms of each.

Influenza is a potentially severe acute respiratory illness caused by various strains of the influenza virus. The different strains all produce characteristic symptoms, and because major outbreaks are associated with increased mortality, occurrenc...

Immunization against the viruses that cause influenza can prevent an infection or lessen its severity. Find out if you should be getting a flu shot each year.

You can avoid the flu this season by taking one simple step: Get a flu vaccination.

You don't want to spend this winter battling a runny nose, a nagging cough or a fever. Here's what to do.

Does your blood sugar level go up when you have an illness, such as the stomach flu?

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Detailed information on influenza (flu), including symptoms, treatment, prevention, and the flu vaccine

Each fall you hear that the flu threatens senior citizens and folks with chronic ailments. But the rate of hospital stays is highest in another group—young children.

Flu and pneumonia are respiratory illnesses that should not be taken lightly. In the United States, pneumonia and the flu combined are the sixth leading cause of death. Older adults are at greater risk than younger adults for contracting pneumococcal pneumonia, the most common bacterial form of the disease.

Information about annual flu shots.Don't forget your flu shot There's still plenty of time to be vaccinated against this year's strains of influenza. In the United States, the peak flu season is December through March. The CDC recommends that most people receive their flu vaccine in October and November. A flu shot begins to protect you after one to two weeks. Who should get a flu shot? Anyone may receive flu vaccine, but the CDC recommends it especially for adults age 50 and over, women who may become pregnant during flu season, anyone with a chronic medical condition that weakens the immune system, children 6–23 months, and healthcare workers. Why get a flu shot? It will reduce your risk of getting an illness that kills about 36,000 Americans each year and hospitalizes another 114,000. Immunizing yourself also reduces your chance of passing influenza on to others. For more information about influenza and flu shots, visit www.cdc.gov/flu.

Suggests alternatives to the flu vaccination for flu prevention, from hand-washing to prescription drugs.

The flu shows up each fall, and misconceptions come with it. Test your savvy about influenza by taking this quiz.

Flu shots are important because the virus that causes the flu changes constantly, and a new strain appears almost every spring.

Pregnant women in their second or third trimester during influenza season should be immunized.

Getting the flu can be serious business for people with asthma. That's why it's important to take steps to prevent it.

Heart patients are being encouraged to get a flu shot, because fiu can worsen heart disease or lead to pneumonia, which strains the heart along with the rest of the body.

A study found that heart disease deaths peaked each year during flu season, because the flu can trigger a heart attack or stroke. Those with heart disease, and those at higher risk of getting it, should get a flu vaccine each year.

Here???s a rundown of some winter-related dangers, including heart attacks and other heart problems, the flu, snow shoveling, seasonal affective disorder, vitamin D, hypothermia, frostbite, and carbon monoxide poisoning.

The Harvard Health Letter celebrates its 30th anniversary this year. In the fifth of a series, the Health Letter takes a look back at three decades in medicine.

Lung cancer is caused by mutations in cell DNA, which is unconnected to the influenza virus or vaccine.

I am over 65, have asthma and am diabetic. According to all recommendations I am eligible to receive a flu shot, but none of my doctors are able to obtain any vaccine. Where do I go, or whom do I contact to get my shot this year?

I have severe asthma and take oral corticosteroids, as well as cyclophosphamide, to control it in addition to inhaled medications. Should I get an influenza vaccination while being on these medications?

Is it OK to get the flu shot when you have a cold? Anthony Komaroff, M.D., is professor of medicine and editor-in-chief of Harvard Health Publications at Harvard Medical School. Dr. Komaroff also is senior physician and was formerly director of the Division of General Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Dr. Komaroff has served on various advisory committees to the federal government, and is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease transmitted through the bite of a deer tick carrying the spiral-shaped bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Symptoms can include skin rash, joint inflammation, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle pain.

Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease spread through a tick bite.This article offers a general overview on Lyme disease. For specific information see:.Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi( B. burgdorferi).

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including ticks that transmit Lyme disease, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

One disease often spread by deer ticks is Lyme disease, an infection that can affect the skin, joints, brain, heart and other organs.

Lyme disease is a tick-borne bacterial infection that most often targets the skin, joints, brain, and heart, although any part of the body can be affected.

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Detailed information on Lyme disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention

Lyme disease, which is also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infection transmitted by the bite of deer ticks carrying the spirochete(spiral-shaped bacterium) Borrelia burgdorferi. The disease was named for Lyme, Connecticut, the town where it was ...

Lyme disease is an infection transmitted by the bite of ticks carrying the spiral-shaped bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The disease was named for Lyme, Connecticut, the town where it was first diagnosed in 1975 after a puzzling outbreak of arthri...

Lyme disease, which is also known as Lyme borreliosis, is an infection transmitted by the bite of ticks carrying the spiral-shaped bacterium(spirochete) Borrelia burgdorferi(Bb). The disease was named for Old Lyme, Connecticut, the town where it w...

A Harvard Medical School physician answers your question about how long a Lyme disease vaccination remains effective, and also offers advice about protecting yourself from ticks.

I contracted Lyme disease when I was 12 and was diagnosed a year and a half later. I now still have occasional problems associated it with the disease. Would it be safe for me to have a baby? Can I pass along this to my unborn child?

In the past six weeks, I've pulled three deer ticks off myself. I never developed the telltale bulls-eye rash, but the areas did get inflamed like a scratched mosquito bite would. A few days ago, I developed a very stiff neck, which isn't improving. Could it be Lyme disease?

My wife has chronic Lyme disease. We want to have a child. Is this safe? Can the disease be transmitted to the baby?

Does a person become immune to Lyme disease after the first infection? Robert Shmerling, M.D., is associate physician and clinical chief of rheumatology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and an associate professor in medicine at Harvard Medical School. He is an active teacher in the Internal Medicine Residency Program, serving as the Robinson Firm Chief. He is also a teacher in the Rheumatology Fellowship Program and has been a practicing rheumatologist for over 25 years.

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost 100 diseases. It is a genetic disease, with two main characteristics of uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of those cells to migrate from the original site...

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.Cells are the building blocks of living things.

The term "cancer" refers to a group of diseases in which cells grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body. It is difficult to imagine anyone who has not heard about this disease. Most people have been affected because either a loved one, a friend, or even they themselves are cancer survivors.

Cancer is the end product of a multistep process(carcinogenesis) that occurs over many years. The term"cancer" actually refers to numerous distinct diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth and differentiation.

With one out of every two or three people at risk for cancer, as suggested by the American Cancer Society, perhaps it comes as no surprise that the topic of cancer and stress are tightly linked. Long ago, man used the fight-or-flight response to survive natural threats, such as man-eating tigers. Today, the stress response has become a complicated dynamic, linking mind, body, spirit, and emotions. Ironically, what was originally designed to help us survive threats now can put us at risk for health problems and disease. But it doesn't have to be this way. Stress can also motivate you to seek help, resolve issues, practice forgiveness, and come to a sense of inner peace. The most effective stress management program, regardless of the circumstances, is based on the idea of balance. Many things can knock us off center, but it only takes the recognition of being off balance and the desire to return to balance that moves us toward equilibrium. First, let's look at some aspects of cancer associated with stress and then focus on ways to cope with stress, finding peace mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually.

What if you had cancer and were not offered a new treatment because of your age? Studies show that some older cancer patients are not treated as aggressively as younger patients, or sometimes not offered certain treatments at all. For various reasons, there is a lack of older people enrolled in cancer clinical trials, so it is hard to know if cutting-edge treatments would benefit or harm them. Some researchers believe this is because of ageism, or age discrimination.

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth.Cancer is a family of diseases in which cells replicate at an extremely rapid pace. A cancerous, or malignant, tumor begins its growth at a primary site, damaging surrounding tissue a...

A preliminary list of cancers and related topics was compiled from a wide variety of sources, including professional medical guides and textbooks, as well as consumer guides and encyclopedias. The advisory board, made up of medical doctors and onc...

No matter what your age or lifestyle, the choices you make today and in the future can improve your chances of living a healthy and cancer-free life.

Whether you're facing major surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, a second opinion can help ensure you're getting the most targeted, effective treatment for your condition.

What kind of cancer do I have? Is it invasive? What lab tests were completed, and what did they show?

Detailed information on the most common diagnostic procedures for cancer When symptoms suggest cancer, your physician may request/perform any of the following procedures to help positively diagnose it:

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to spread to distant sites(metastasis). If the spread is not controlled, ...

A 4-foot northern pike stars in one of actor Rob Lowe's favorite tales about his father.

Statistics are often used in news reports or in talking about someone's risk for getting cancer or whether a treatment will work. These statistics can be confusing or misleading if you do not understand how they are used. Statistics are collected and analyzed to help people better understand what is being observed. There are many examples of how statistics are used in our daily life—average temperature, median house price, etc. In addition, statistics are used to understand the probability or chance of something happening—of winning the lottery or being struck by lightning. Statistics help people make a ‘best guess' of any one situation but they cannot guarantee that something will or won't happen.

Key Points Some cancers depend on naturally occurring sex hormones for their development and growth. Researchers are interested in learning whether the hormones in oral contraceptives affect cancer risk in women (see Question 1).

Detailed information on cancer, including cancer diagnosis, cancer staging, cancer grading, cancer treatment, cancer surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, and cancer clinical trials

Detailed information on coping with a cancer diagnosis in a child Learning that your child has cancer usually gives parents a feeling of their world being turned upside down. Everything in their life may suddenly feel out of control. This is because you did not choose for your child to have cancer. Your initial thoughts may be "How could this have happened to my child?" and "How will we get through this?"

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth of tissue cells in the body and the invasion by these cells into nearby tissue and migration to distant sites.Cancer results from alterations(mutations) in genes that make up DNA, ...

If they are unique and are important for growth of the cancer cell, it makes sense to target them directly. This describes the ambitious mission of gene therapy, whose goal is to supplement a deficient, necessary genetic pool or diminish the numbe...

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results(SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute is the most authoritative source of information on cancer incidence and survival in the United States. Established in 1973, SEER originally provided can...

Cyclist Lance Armstrong is proof that you can not only survive cancer, but that you can actually resume a normal livelihood, one of his doctors says.

By Jim Rice As a rectal cancer survivor, I have had several caregivers. An enterostomal therapy nurse took care of me at the hospital after my colostomy surgery; home health care nurses came to my house for several weeks after the surgery; and my wife Gwyn has provided emotional support and physical caring throughout my cancer experience. For the first few months after my surgery, I felt as helpless as a baby because I could not attend to the basic personal duties that are necessary on a daily basis. I was totally exposed in the truest of senses. Having knowledgeable and caring caregivers allowed me to grow from cancer patient to cancer survivor.

Detailed information on diagnosing cancer in children Unfortunately, there is no single test that can accurately diagnose cancer. A large number of tests are necessary to determine whether a person has cancer, or if another condition (such as an infection) is mimicking the symptoms of cancer. Sometimes, it is necessary to repeat testing if the child's condition changes, if a sample collected was not of good quality, or an abnormal test result needs to be confirmed. The correct diagnosis is necessary in order to determine treatment. In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for cancer may include one, or more of, the following:

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled and abnormal growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to spread to distant sites(metastasis). If the spread is not controlled, ...

Life as a cancer survivor can be as rich and rewarding as you decide to make it. In fact, increased awareness of mortality is all some people need to feel more alive than ever.

Cancer survivors know how important a job can be to their psychological and financial well being. Here are tips to improve the ability to continue working, as well as some ways to handle workplace discrimination during treatment.

A Swedish study, over 29 years, finds 33 percent more cases of cancer among obese people than in the general population.

What sexual impact should I expect from my cancer or its treatment?

This year more than 145,000 new cases of colorectal cancer will be diagnosed in the United States. In a large number of those cases, the cancer will be advanced. That means they'll be harder to treat. That also means they'll be more likely to be fatal. The earlier colorectal cancer is found, the easier it is to treat. And that makes a cure more likely. You can even prevent the disease if polyps in the colon and rectum are found and removed before they become cancerous.

Nutrition plays a significant role in the treatment of cancer. In fact, you can improve your overall outcome by eating well. Patients who eat well during cancer treatment maintain their strength better, are more active, and are better able to decrease their chances of infection. Cancer and its treatments, such as radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery, may depress appetite and interfere with how food is digested, absorbed, and used in the body. Adequate nutrients and calories are needed for the body to heal and fight infection.

August is a popular time of year for vacations. It's summer, the kids are out of school, and the mountains and beaches are beckoning. As someone with cancer, have you ever thought about taking a vacation from cancer? If you're currently undergoing treatment, is it possible?

Most cancers are easier to treat when they are found in their earlier stages. Doctors find cancers when they are small and normally undetectable by using screening tests such as mammography, blood tests, CT scans, and other tests. Often, doctors recommend screening tests when a person shows no sign of cancer because the tests can detect cancer before symptoms develop.

Cancer will change your life and the lives of people around you. Your routines may be messed up.

Cancer is not just one disease, but a large group of almost one hundred diseases. Its two main characteristics are uncontrolled growth of the cells in the human body and the ability of these cells to migrate from the original site and spread to di...

Although some complementary and alternative methods have been scientifically proven to promote healing or reduce symptoms, many have not.

When Geri Malter was diagnosed with a retroperitoneal liposarcoma (a rare kind of tumor in the fatty tissues of the abdomen) in 1983, her first thought was, "I need to talk to someone else with this kind of cancer." Unfortunately, it was eight years before Malter met another liposarcoma patient.

When cancer strikes, you may start thinking about health insurance in a new light. Chances are, you will use your health insurance more than ever before. You also may have more problems with insurance than ever before. Don't be alarmed or discouraged, but do be vigilant.

Doctors use tests like mammography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans to help them screen for, diagnose, treat, and monitor cancer. If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you may have had one or more of these tests. You may have wondered why you had specific tests and not others or what exactly the doctor was looking for.

Q: What is cancer? A: Cancer is what happens when a group of cells grows uncontrollably and in an abnormal and disorderly way. It is really a result of what happens when, for reasons that are only partly understood, the normal growth-control mechanisms fail. Cancer cells have two properties that make them dangerous: they can invade into neighboring tissues; and they can spread to distant areas of the body, forming secondary tumors or metastases.

During the last two decades, the percentage of overweight and obese adults and children has been steadily increasing (see Question 2).

Some studies have raised questions about a possible relationship between vasectomy (an operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles) and the risk of developing cancer, particularly prostate and testicular cancer. Such a relationship, if proven, would be of importance because about 1 in 6 men over age 35 in the United States has had a vasectomy.

Discusses the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in cancer prevention and cites numerous studies on the protective value of NSAIDs and coxibs to a variety of cancers.

The ins and outs of screening for testicular and prostate cancers, including an in-depth discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of the leading prostate cancer test, the prostate specific antigen test.

Many studies link exercise with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer. The biggest reductions were for colon and breast cancer, but its effect on other cancers is so far inconclusive.

Research has found that statin drugs may inhibit the growth of cancer cells in laborotory experiments, but much more research is necessary before any definite benefits can be determined.

Detailed information the most common types of surgery to treat cancer, including biopsy, endoscopy, laparoscopy, laparotomy, laser surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and excisional surgery

Detailed information on surgery for prostate cancer, including the different types and potential side effects

Detailed information on treating cancer in children The group of healthcare professionals who work together to find, treat, and care for people with cancer is called the "cancer care team." The cancer care team may include any or all of the following healthcare providers, in addition to others:

Detailed information on the causes of cancer in children There is no one single cause for cancer. Scientists believe that it is the interaction of many factors together that produces cancer. The factors involved may be genetic, environmental, or constitutional characteristics of the individual.

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells in the body and the ability of these malignant cells to spread(metastasize) to distant sites within the body. If the spread is not controlled, cancer can result in death.

A guide to the tests available for screening colon, lung, and skin cancers, and how to determine whether they're right for you.

If you have cancer, eating the right kinds of foods can help you feel better and stay stronger. This means foods and beverages that contain vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fat and water.

Shark cartilage, green tea extract, phytomelatonin — these may sound like strange remedies for cancer, but they are actually the subjects of major clinical trials in progress. The supplements are being tested as treatments for cancer or as adjuvant therapy. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) funds the studies, which are being conducted at cancer centers across the country.

If you are a parent who has recently been diagnosed with cancer, there are few concerns that seem as important or basic as how to help your children cope with all the stress and changes facing your family. Children are very sensitive to changes in their parents' moods and behavior and may even sense that something is wrong before you even begin talking with them. Talking about cancer and the emotions that arise is not a one-time discussion, but rather a series of talks that will continue through your treatment. There is no way to change the fact that cancer is a serious illness that affects the entire family. In general, talking with your children in a calm, hopeful way, and being able to answer their questions, will help them to accept and meet the numerous challenges that arise. Recognizing and voicing feelings among family members can be the basis of finding strength and resilience for the entire family. The following questions and answers may help you anticipate and respond more easily to changes in your family rhythms and routines as a result of a parent's illness.

Cancer is a major illness, but not everyone who gets cancer will die from it. Close to 9 million Americans alive today have a history of cancer. For them, cancer has become a chronic (on-going) health problem, like high blood pressure or diabetes.

When cancer develops, many people need to learn to ask for and accept outside help for the first time. These are good ways to begin:

Cancer treatment can extend over weeks or months; side effects may come and go.

If you are an adult who is getting on with your life after a diagnosis for cancer, this guide is for you. Whether your treatment took place in childhood, 5 years ago, or last week, you may share common concerns with other cancer survivors. The purpose of this guide is to present a concise overview of some of the most important survivor issues and practical ideas to help you look ahead. If you are just finishing cancer treatment, the information may prepare you for situations you have not yet experienced. As you read about handling possible problems, keep in mind that not everyone will have all these concerns. If you are a long term cancer survivor, many of these issues will not be new to you. But some of the ideas and resources may add to your own experience.

After you have been treated for cancer, you will have two ongoing health needs. First, you'll want to take the health steps that doctors suggest for anyone your age. Second, you'll have special needs for caring for your body based on your type of cancer, treatment, and current state of health.

Cancer clusters may be suspected when people report that several family members, friends, neighbors, or coworkers have been diagnosed with the same or related cancer(s) (see Defining Disease Clusters section).

You may want more information for yourself, your family, and your doctor. The following National Cancer Institute (NCI) services are available to help you.

Key Points Follow-up cancer care involves regular medical checkups that include a review of a patient's medical history and a physical exam (see Question 1).

Cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Around the world, over 10 million cancer cases occur annually.

Can cancer be transferred from mother to child in the womb? Jeffrey Ecker, M.D. is an Associate Professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Massachusetts General Hospital, where he practices maternal-fetal medicine.

Cancer is increasingly viewed as a long-term chronic illness, rather than an acute one.

More people are surviving cancer than ever before. According to the American Cancer Society, almost 9 million Americans have a history of cancer, many of whom are survivors of childhood cancers. Over half of the people diagnosed with cancer are alive five years later, many of them cured. By 2010, it is estimated that one in every 250 adults will be an adult survivor of a childhood cancer. As more and more people survive longer, we are seeing new problems develop from the cancer or its treatment. These problems are called late effects.

The words cure and heal are often used interchangeably. The fact is, however, that curing your cancer and healing your cancer are two very different things. References to this distinction are found throughout the best of medical literature. Put simply, healing is fundamentally your responsibility and choice, while curing is the domain of the physician or health professional. The physician may support or diminish the healing process, but ultimately, healing comes from within yourself.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

By: Debra Sickles My name is Debra and I was diagnosed with cervical cancer. I underwent a radical hysterectomy at the age of 37. My purpose for writing this story is to reach out to all women around the globe so that they will have a better understanding of meeting with their OBGYN on a yearly basis, as I do not feel there is enough emphasis placed on this disease.

"I wrote the following twhile undergoing radiation for prostate cancer." --Cal Begun

All anticancer drugs target tumors in some way. Most conventional treatments, however, attack healthy cells as well as cancer cells. As a result, there can be serious side effects from the treatment. A new approach to cancer treatment may help reduce side effects. The new treatment is called molecularly targeted therapy. It takes a more direct aim at cancer cells. And that means less damage to healthy cells.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

By Barbara Bartlein, R.N., M.S.W I wish I could tell you that the whole thing happened because I'm caring and unselfish, but that wouldn't be true. It was 1979, and I had just moved back to Wisconsin from Colorado because I missed my family and Denver wages were terrible. I took a job at a hospice in Milwaukee and found my niche working with the patients and families. As the season changed into fall, the schedule for the holidays was posted:

Expert-reviewed information summary about the influence of spirituality and religion on individuals who have cancer. Various approaches for management and intervention are discussed.

Some friends will deal well with your illness and provide gratifying support. Some will be unable to cope with the possibility of death and will disappear from your life.

Each person must work through, in his or her own way, feelings of possible death, fear, and isolation. Returning to normal routines as much as possible often helps.

Cancer is not something anyone forgets. Anxieties remain as active treatment ceases and the waiting stage begins. A cold or a cramp may be cause for panic. As 6-month or annual checkups approach, you swing between hope and anxiety. As you wait for the mystical 5-year or 10-year point, you might feel more anxious rather than more secure.

Cancer can be unutterably lonely. No one should try to bear it alone. Patient, family, and friends usually learn the diagnosis sooner or later. Most people find it easier for all if everybody can share their feelings instead of hiding them. This frees people to offer each other support.

Some in the family are able to absorb the impact of diagnosis sooner than others. This can create clashing needs as some wish to talk and some need to be private and introspective.

Many cancer survivors wonder whether having a cancer history will make a difference in their job prospects. Common questions include: Will I be able to return to work? Take time off for more treatment if I need it? Work as hard as I once did? Advance in my career?

What kinds of feelings are "normal"? There is no "right" way to feel; the important thing is to handle your emotions in a way that works for you. Many survivors find that the key for them is talking their feelings out--with family and friends, health professionals, other patients, and counselors such as clergy and psychotherapists.

If you are like most cancer survivors, the costs of initial treatment and continuing care are a major concern. What happens to insurance coverage and costs after you've had treatment for cancer?

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a virus that infects several species of monkeys and typically does not cause symptoms or disease in them.

Regular exercise may prevent a recurrence of breast or colorectal cancer, or may decrease the risk of dying from the disease. But the reasons for the benefits are unclear.

A continuous process in which multiple alterations occur in genes that control cell division and differentiation that leads to cancer—the uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells. These genetic alterations are referred to as mutation...

Seven to eight hours of sleep a night is important for your functioning and well-being. Cancer and cancer treatment can lead to a lack of sleep.

Loss of appetite is a loss of the desire to eat. Not eating can lead to weight loss. Weight loss can cause weakness and fatigue, which affect your ability to perform normal activities. Proper nutrition also helps your body prevent and fight infection. Weight loss or lack of appetite may be due to the cancer or sometimes to treatments for the cancer.

Change in taste can be a change in the sensation of sweet, salty, sour, or bitter. A change in the way foods taste may cause a dislike for foods, which may lead to lack of appetite or weight loss. The taste buds are affected by the cancer or its treatment.

Constipation means being unable to move your bowels, having to push harder to move your bowels, or moving them less often than usual. Bowel movements will be small, dry, and hard. Constipation happens when you get less exercise, or when you eat and drink less than usual. Some medicines cause constipation. Constipation can cause pain and discomfort. Keeping your bowel routine regular and your bowel movements easy to pass is important. Your bowels should move every day with little or no strain. You are at risk for constipation if you have a:

As someone with cancer or a caregiver for someone with cancer, you have enough on your mind without having to worry about payments and insurance. Unfortunately, some insurance companies may reject claims for certain health services. You do have the option to appeal, however. You can use this letter as a model for an efficient, effective appeal letter. You may also need to enlist the help of a legal professional. Make sure your doctor knows any issues you have with insurance, as he or she may be able to help you.

Treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation can damage a person's skin, hair, and nails. Many of these changes will go away after treatment ends. But such side effects, particularly hair loss, may also damage a person's spirits. Boston-based makeup artist and esthetician David Nicholas offered some of his beauty tips and the insight he has gained after working with cancer patients for more than 20 years.

Whether you are a spouse, child, sibling, parent, or friend of a cancer patient, it is important that you never stop expressing your love. Showing how much you care is not only important on holidays and special occasions; it should be done every day of the year. You don't have to spend a lot of money, effort, or time showing someone you love him or her, either. Here are a few simple and special ways to show a cancer patient that you care:

A "60 Minutes" episode reported on the controversial topic of "compassionate drug use." Some people with late-stage cancer are hopeful about this practice, which allows them to receive new but unapproved drugs after traditional treatments have failed. Could one of these drugs be their miracle pill? What is "compassionate drug use," who can receive it, and how effective is it?

A diagnosis of cancer followed by intense treatments is a big hurdle for a cancer patient to face. Another, perhaps more unexpected hurdle is dealing with body changes. Hair loss, weight gain or loss, or even severe disfigurements can result from cancer and its treatments, leaving some people with life-long physical and emotional scars. There are ways cancer survivors can cope, but it is not just about putting on a wig or finding the right shade of makeup to cover a scar. It must also come from within.

The following poems were taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

The following Inspirational Story was taken from Silver Linings: The Other Side of Cancer, published by the Oncology Nursing Press, Inc.

By Catherine Andrews, NIEHS Contractor, The Sister Study Would I remember the stories told about him as well as if I was there myself?

By Cathy Lannae Remission is a strange word. I never use it. Bad omen, I think. I don't truly believe that there is remission in cancer, just waiting. Waiting for whatever comes next. Could be a long time or a short time, waiting nonetheless. Webster's defines remission, as, number one: reduction of a prison sentence based on good behavior. That fits, I think. Then, number two: remitting of a debt or penalty. That sort of fits, too, in a perverse, analytical way. Then there's number three: diminution of or a period of relief from disease or pain. Okay. And then number four: forgiveness--as in sins?? Well, three out of four have a temporary status. That's my point. Just waiting… an intermission, you might say.

The past century has seen many remarkable advances against cancer, a disease known to mankind for thousands of years. The accomplishments of the last 10 years, such as human gene therapy, biotechnology products like monoclonal antibodies, the identification of disease genes, computer-assisted imaging, and the decline in the cancer death rate, all build upon knowledge gained earlier in the century. Throughout the 1900s, medicine and research saw great advances, and cancer research and cancer researchers were full partners in that growth.

Cancer, not heart disease, is now the leading cause of death among Americans under age 85.

Two medications, Metformin and cholesterol-lowering statins, have been shown to have some cancer prevention benefits in recent studies.

Research shows that statin use is not associated with higher cancer risk.Statin drugs like atorvastatin (Lipitor) and simvastatin (Zocor) are so widely used that even a whiff of suspicion can billow into a cloud of concern. If you go by the results of most trials, there's no reason to worry that taking a statin could increase your cancer risk. In fact, some research has found just the opposite: a protective effect, particularly against colon cancer.

In an interview, a patient who chose active surveillance combined with lifestyle changes instead of surgery discusses the reasons for his decision, and its effects on his overall health and the progress of the disease.

Detailed information on cancer, including primary and metastatic cancers, and benign and malignant tumors

Detailed information on cancer in children, including causes, diagnosis, treatment, and coping

Detailed information on cancer and complementary and alternative therapy Alternative therapy (or alternative medication) is a non-conventional approach to healing. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are usually discussed together, but are actually two different therapy approaches:

Detailed information on cancer in children Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. Cancer cells rapidly reproduce despite restriction of space, nutrients shared by other cells, or signals sent from the body to stop reproduction. Cancer cells are often shaped differently from healthy cells, they do not function properly, and they can spread to many areas of the body. Tumors, abnormal growth of tissue, are clusters of cells that are capable of growing and dividing uncontrollably; their growth is not regulated.

Sports injuries result from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. Sports injuries.can affect bones or soft tissue such as ligaments, muscles, and tendons.Children are more likely to suffer sports injuries than adul...

Detailed information on the most common types of sports injuries, including soft-tissue injuries, contusions (bruises), sprains, strains, lumbar strain (weight lifter's back), patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee), patellofemoral stress syndrome (runner's k

Detailed information on sports injuries in children, including overuse injuries, sprains, strains, and heat-related illnesses

A safe cheerleading program will include direct adult supervision, proper conditioning, skills training and warm-up exercises.

Downhill skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports, but they aren't without their risks. Each year, thousands of skiers and snowboard enthusiasts are injured, some seriously. Beginning skiers and snowboarders are at highest risk for injury, but even those who are experienced can run into trouble. Learn more about snow sports injuries and how to prevent them by taking this quiz.

Detailed information on the most common types of sports injuries, including soft-tissue injuries, contusions (bruises), sprains, strains, lumbar strain (weight lifter's back), patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee), patellofemoral stress syndrome (runner's k

Detailed information on sports injuries in children, including overuse injuries, sprains, strains, and heat-related illnesses

Detailed information on the most common types of sports injuries, including soft-tissue injuries, contusions (bruises), sprains, strains, lumbar strain (weight lifter's back), patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee), patellofemoral stress syndrome (runner's k

Detailed information on the most common types of sports injuries, including soft-tissue injuries, contusions (bruises), sprains, strains, lumbar strain (weight lifter's back), patellar tendonitis (jumper's knee), patellofemoral stress syndrome (runner's knee)

Sports injury rates could be reduced by 25 percent if all athletes — professionals and amateurs — followed essential safety, conditioning, and preventive strategies.

Many baby boomers who sustain injuries when they exercise have had a previous injury that may make certain activities riskier than others.

Neither Olympians nor weekend warriors are immune to tendonitis, ankle sprains, low back problems, and knee pain.

Detailed information on sports safety Participating in sports is great for teens both physically and psychologically. Sports can increase an adolescent's physical coordination, fitness, and self-esteem. In addition, sports can teach teens about teamwork and self-discipline.

As we age, our bodies change. Knee joints have less cartilage; bones become more brittle and connective tissues less pliable.

Snowboarders often break wrists and ankles because they go down hard when they crash.

Detailed information on preventing sports injuries Most sports injuries are the result of inadequate training in certain sports, structural defects in the body, and weaknesses in the body. Many people who start exercising after being sedentary sustain a sports injury. However, with the proper precautions, sports injuries can often be prevented.

Detailed information on sports safety Participating in sports is great for children and adults, both physically and psychologically. Sports can increase physical coordination, fitness, and self-esteem. In addition, sports can teach about teamwork and self-discipline.

Detailed information on preventing sports injuries Most sports injuries are the result of inadequate training in certain sports, structural defects in the body, and weaknesses in the body. Many people who start exercising after being sedentary sustain a sports injury. However, with the proper precautions, sports injuries can often be prevented.

Detailed information on preventing sports injuries Most sports injuries are the result of inadequate training in certain sports, structural defects in the body, and weaknesses in the body. Many people who start exercising after being sedentary sustain a sports injury. However, with the proper precautions, sports injuries can often be prevented.

Detailed information on sports and fractures Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a blow or a fall. A fracture may be classified as a simple fracture (a thin fracture that may not run through the entire bone), or a compound fracture, in which the broken bone protrudes through the skin. Most fractures occur in the arms and legs. Symptoms may include tenderness over the bone, swelling of the affected area, deformity of the limb, and increased pain upon movement.

Whether it's a twisted ankle, a shin splint or a strained muscle, when should you see a doctor for a sports injury?

Detailed information on sports and fractures Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a blow or a fall. A fracture may be classified as a simple fracture (a thin fracture that may not run through the entire bone), or a compound fracture, in which the broken bone protrudes through the skin. Most fractures occur in the arms and legs. Symptoms may include tenderness over the bone, swelling of the affected area, deformity of the limb, and increased pain upon movement.

Detailed information on sports and fractures Fractures are breaks in the bone that are often caused by a blow or a fall. A fracture may be classified as a simple fracture (a thin fracture that may not run through the entire bone), or a compound fracture, in which the broken bone protrudes through the skin. Most fractures occur in the arms and legs. Symptoms may include tenderness over the bone, swelling of the affected area, deformity of the limb, and increased pain upon movement.

Detailed information on sports safety, including safety gear and equipment Participating in sports is great for children both physically and psychologically. Sports can increase a child's physical coordination, fitness, and self-esteem. In addition, sports can teach children about teamwork and self-discipline.

Sports injuries can be either acute traumatic, which require immediate medical care, or chronic overuse injuries.

Knee injuries account for 25 percent of all sports-related injuries, but proper conditioning can help prevent them.

Detailed information on sports safety In the United States, about 30 million children and teens participate in some form of organized sports, and more than 3.5 million injuries each year, which cause some loss of time of participation, are experienced by the participants. Almost one-third of all injuries incurred in childhood are sports-related injuries. By far, the most common injuries are sprains and strains.

Sports is the leading cause of school-age children's eye injuries, but most of those injuries are preventable.

Sports injuries result from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. Sports injuries can affect bones or soft tissue(ligaments, muscles, tendons).Adults are less likely to suffer sports injuries than do children, whos...

A sports injury is any bodily damage sustained during participation in competitive or non-competitive athletic activity. Sports injuries can affect bones or soft tissue(i.e., muscles, ligaments, tendons).Sports injuries are identified as either ac...

Most children depend on recreational and school sports for exercise and fun. But too many young athletes suffer needless injuries.

Playing tennis or racquetball is a fun way to boost the intensity of your fitness program, as well as improve your balance, strength and agility.

No matter what your favorite activity, you must exercise the right way to avoid muscle soreness and injuries.

If your children are playing soccer then you need the latest tips on keeping them safe on the field.

Abnormal posturing is different from what is commonly called"bad posture" or"slouching." Instead, it is a tendency to hold a particular body position, or to move one or more parts of the body in a particular way.This phenomenon is an important par...

Disk herniation is a rupture of fibrocartilagenous material(annulus fibrosis) that surrounds the intervertebral disk. This rupture involves the release of the disk''s center portion containing a gelatinous substance called the nucleus pulposus.

A herniated nucleus pulposus is a slipped disk along the spinal cord. The condition occurs when all or part of the soft center of a spinal disk is forced through a weakened part of the disk.Lumbar radiculopathy; Cervical radiculopathy; Herniated i...

Detailed information on lumbar disc disease, including cause, symptom, diagnosis, and treatment

Disk herniation is a rupture of fibrocartilagenous material(annulus fibrosis) that surrounds the intervertebral disk. This rupture involves the release of the disk''s center portion containing a gelatinous substance called the nucleus pulposus.

Each intervertebral disc contains a nucleus(center) surrounded by a sack of fibrocartilage(fibrous, connective tissue), rich in collagens(fibrous protein). A herniated disc occurs when the outer sack partially ruptures and the interior of the sack...

Disk herniation is a breakdown of a fibrous cartilage material(annulus fibrosus) that makes up the intervertebral disk. The annulus fibrosus surrounds a soft gel-like substance in the center of the disk called the nucleus pulposus.

Falls are a common source of injury, particularly in the elderly population. They are more likely to occur if impairments in balance, strength, perception, joint range of motion, postural function or coordination are present.