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Pregnancy Learning Center

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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:September 17, 2007
Several recent comments on my post"MTHFR Mutations and Congenital Heart Defects" worthy of a general response for our readers: Anonymous said Sept 02, 09:30:00 PM 2007... My daughter was diagnosed with MTHFR gene mutation during a blood test befor...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:September 7, 2007
Well, the flu season is underway, and every pregnant woman wants to know, Should I get the flu shot?. The simple answer is YES(with few exceptions), no matter how early or far along you are in your pregnancy, and the optimal time to receive the va...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:October 15, 2006
Soumya has left a new comment on your post" Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss- 6- A Special Pat...". (I have modified/revised her comment somewhat to the best of my understanding of her concerns)...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:August 17, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:December 18, 2007
The other day, tjtiger left a new comment on my post"MTHFR Mutations and Congenital Heart Defects". Her many questions made her comment worthy of a post of their own and the query related to the possible assocation of MTHFR polymorhisms and schizo...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:October 3, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:June 10, 2008
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:December 22, 2007
The readers who sent in the comments below related to recurrent early pregnancy loss(RPL) have what we could consider to be'borderline' indications for'treatment' and several questions related to their therapy. But, the fact remains, they have bot...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:December 9, 2007
In our last post, we reviewed several studies that would lend support to the hypothesis that women with elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), and a genetic predisposition for the same, are at increased risk for adverse pregn...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:November 5, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:September 11, 2007
Before I get into details regarding specific abnormalities of the maternal immune system and clotting system that appear to be related to recurrent early pregnancy loss, let me tell you a story about one of those special patients in my life who ch...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:April 3, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 24, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 16, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 15, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:February 7, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:January 10, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:April 12, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:November 20, 2007
The last two major categories I would like to discuss related to recurrent early pregnancy loss are immunologic and hematological(thrombophilias) abnormalities. These may well be the most common causes, but they are also by far the least well unde...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:April 1, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:July 11, 2009
For many years now, we have placed women with recurrent early pregnancy loss on low-dose aspirin(81 mg) and heparin, or low molecular-weight heparin such as lovenox, to help them improve their prospects for pregnancy outcome. In some instances thi...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:January 26, 2008
Back in June, a reader I.R. left a comment on my post"Recurrent Early Pregnancy Loss- 7- Immunologic a...". Her specific question related to the possible role of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI 1) activity and polymorphisms in recurrent preg...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:September 30, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:February 9, 2009
Although we have focused our discussion of multiple gestations to this point on twins, higher order multiples(i.e., triplets, quadruplets, quintuplets, etc) also occur but, fortunately, much less often than twins. The hypothesis of Hellin predicts...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:January 2, 2009
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:December 15, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:January 13, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 8, 2008
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:July 5, 2009
I am starting to get ready, nesting a little bit, and also dealing with some anxiety!. I have learned a thing or two about nutrition for pregnancy that I didnt know before, so here are some tips broken down in a simple do's and donts format.
Author:Tara Gidus, MS, RD, CSSD, LD/N
Date:May 9, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:February 23, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:May 1, 2008
In our fifth post in this series, we discussed a case of a woman who had a high-grade intraepithelial abnormality(HSIL) found on her intake Pap test and was subsequently diagnosed with minimally invasive cervical cancer(stage 1A1) during her pregn...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:July 22, 2007
Since constipation can be a chronic and ongoing concern in pregnancy, it is worth revisiting at least once with a few additional comments. Actually, the writer referred to in the previous post had some more specific follow-up questions and my resp...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 10, 2007
In our last post, we discussed the basic differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and concluded with the characterization of gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), diabetes that is first expressed(or detected) as the result of pregnancy, as fit...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:December 29, 2007
In our last two posts, we have discussed the general significance of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the spectrum of pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders classified as preeclampsia. The problem with preeclampsia is that most of the tim...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:June 13, 2007
Now that you know not to eat double portions of everything and you have learned to love your body, lets finish this series with some other helpful hints for what to eat and not eat when you are pregnant. I know this might seem like obvious advice,...
Author:Tara Gidus, MS, RD, CSSD, LD/N
Date:May 14, 2007
Yesterday I talked about how much to eat, what to eat, and the importance of supplements in Pregnancy Do's and Donts Part One. Today I will go in a different direction with what I have learned during pregnancy.
Author:Tara Gidus, MS, RD, CSSD, LD/N
Date:May 11, 2007
A writer recently requested some information regarding"constipation in pregnancy.". Having just gotten over the consequences of my Norovirus infection, I thought I might welcome a little constipation in my life, even if it isn't one of our more'mo...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 6, 2007
The term preeclampsia applies to a spectrum of disorders that are pregnancy-dependent, all accompanied(usually) by some degree of hypertension at some point in their evolution. Preeclampsia is subdivided into categories based on the severity of hy...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:June 10, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:May 16, 2008
The"back ache" could also be uterine contractions associated with miscarriage or caused by something outside the uterus such as an ectopic pregnancy or ovarian cyst. At 7 weeks, your doctor can do a transvaginal ultrasound and should be able to co...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:August 12, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:April 5, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 25, 2007
In our last post we discussed the high frequency of early pregnancy losses in first conceptions that probably results from a naive maternal immune response to the fetal tissues; and also the high frequency of chromosomal abnormalities as the most ...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:March 22, 2007
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Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:October 13, 2007
The guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy are pretty straightforward: Underweight(BMI less than 18.5) 28-40 pounds Normal weight(BMI 18.5-24.9): 25-35 pounds Overweight(BMI 25-29.9): 15-25 pounds Obese(BMI over 30): no more than 15 pounds A ...
Author:Tara Gidus, MS, RD, CSSD, LD/N
Date:June 14, 2007
Although the latter did not reach statistical significance, we can safely say that vaginal delivery certainly does not increase the risk of progression in women with HSIL. Labels: Cervical dysplasia and cancer in pregnancy, HSIL, LSIL, microinvasi...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:July 18, 2007
Within the past year, I helped the GYN Oncologist at our institution care for a pregnant woman who had cervical cancer. She was 33 years old and pregnant with her third child.
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:July 15, 2007
In addition to establishing the tissue diagnosis of breast cancer, typically, your treating physicians will want to determine the molecular characteristics of the tumor cells. This information helps in counseling with regard to prognosis and, also...
Author:Kenneth F. Trofatter, Jr., MD, PhD
Date:October 9, 2006
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