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The central nervous system (CNS) has no lymphatic system as such, and although usually well protected from direct infection, its resistance to any infection that does occur is low. The patterns of infective illness are relatively few, but the organisms that can produce disease are many.
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More than 2 million cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) occur each year in the United States, resulting in approximately 10 million physician visits, more than 500,000 hospitalizations, and approximately 50,000 deaths. Over time the number of microorganisms identified as pathogens has increased, along with new broad-spectrum antibiotics available for treatment.
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The following Clinical Topic Tour provides an overview of pneumococcal pneumonia and was adapted by materials published by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the CDC.
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In this review, we aim to lead the readers through the historical highlights of pathophysiological concepts and treatment of pneumonia. Understanding the aetiology, the risk factors and the pathophysiology influenced our management approaches to pneumonia.
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In excess of five million cases of infectious pneumonia are estimated to occur annually in the United States, resulting in more than one million hospitalizations. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death and the most common lethal infectious disease.
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