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Headache Learning Center
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Epidemiology and microbiology: the overall annual incidence of bacterial meningitis is about 2?3/100,000, with peaks of incidence in infants and adolescents. Integration of vaccines into the UK vaccination programme against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and more recently against group C meningococccus has led to a marked decline in cases of Hib and Group C meningococcal meningitis and has significantly reduced the overall incidence of bacterial meningitis.
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The following Clinical Topic Tour provides an overview of migraine headache and has been adapted from materials published by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Migraine is a common episodic pain disorder, the treatment of which can be acute to stop an attack or preventive to reduce the frequency, duration or severity of attacks. Preventive treatment is used when attacks are frequent or disabling.
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Warts are benign epidermal neoplasms that are caused by human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are small DNA viruses. There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and new types are discovered each year.
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A stroke is an interruption of blood circulation to the brain causing a neurologic deficit reflecting the area of the brain affected. Stroke can be ischemic or hemorrhagic. 1 Ischemic stroke is most prevalent.
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Meningitis is the most common serious manifestation of infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory involvement of the subarachnoid space with meningeal irritation leads to the classic triad of headache, fever and meningism, and to a pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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The central nervous system (CNS) has no lymphatic system as such, and although usually well protected from direct infection, its resistance to any infection that does occur is low. The patterns of infective illness are relatively few, but the organisms that can produce disease are many.
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Nothing in clinical neurology exceeds the demands on the clinician more than diagnosing and managing the patient with headache, a process that demands a combination of clinical skill and good interpersonal relationships. The physician dealing with the patient who presents with headache will by the history determine the likely diagnosis; by the brief, structured examination receive some reassurance that there is no lurking lesion causing the problem; and by his or her ability to see past the patient's naive words of complaint, recognize a pattern of symptomatology, allowing a confident diagnosis that will allow equally confident management.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune connective-tissue disorder with a wide range of clinical features, which predominantly affects women, especially from certain ethnic groups. Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment supported by investigations, including the finding of autoantibodies.
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Headache is a very common complaint encountered by practitioners in almost every specialty of medicine and surgery. More than 90% of the population experience headache of one type or another at least once during life.
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