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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). It was first recognized in the United States in 1981.
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AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease, which causes severe damage to the immune system.AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among people aged 25- 44 in the United States, down from number ...
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Detailed information on HIV and AIDS, including transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) is the final and most serious stage of the disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. Symptoms begin when an HIV-positive person presents a CD4-cell(also called T cell, a type of immune cell) count...
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Detailed information on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) during pregnancy
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Detailed information on HIV and AIDS, including transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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A person with HIV can look and feel perfectly healthy. But that person can give HIV to others as soon as he or she is infected with the virus.
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Homosexuals and heterosexuals alike are at risk. Infected people can pass HIV on to anyone with whom they have intimate contact. Men can infect female or male partners, as can women.
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). AIDS is the advanced form of infection caused by HIV and typically only manifests itself after a long latency period after initial ...
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New drug treatments can delay the effects of AIDS and are helping patients live longer. But the reality is that no medicine can cure AIDS or the virus that causes it, HIV. Once inside the body, HIV destroys immune system cells, making it difficult to fight off illness.
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If you're not quite sure what's up with AIDS these days, don't feel alone. Misconceptions and falsehoods concerning AIDS and HIV abound.
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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV). It was first recognized in the United States in 1981.
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What's true and what's not when it comes to AIDS? Here's a look at some common myths surrounding HIV infection and AIDS.
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Detailed information on HIV and AIDS, including transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) by infecting helper T cells of the immune system. The most common serotype, HIV-1, is distributed worldwide, while HIV-2 is primarily confined ...
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Often called the president's lead physician in the war against AIDS, Eric P. Goosby, M.D., has been a leading AIDS researcher for nearly two decades. He has directed HIV/AIDS policy for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services since 1995.
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS, is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with any of the human immunodeficiency viruses(HIV-1, its many subtypes, or HIV-2), which are transmitted from person to person sexually(including via a...
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Detailed information on HIV home care for your child Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV infection means that the body's immune system may not fight off infections very well. Your child's body may not be able to fight back against illness, even a simple cold. Additional care is needed for a child with HIV in order to help him/her remain healthy.
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While new antiviral treatments have been developed, a vaccine has yet to be found. HIV causes AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), an unpredictable condition that may progress over many years and is characterized by a slow deterioration of th...
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Hodgkin''s lymphoma is a cancer of lymph tissue found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites.Lymphoma- Hodgkin''s; Hodgkin''s disease; Cancer- Hodgkin''s lymphoma.The first sign of this cancer is often an enlarged lymph node w...
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Detailed information on Hodgkin's lymphoma, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment
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There are very few things scarier than being told you have cancer. You may feel like you're in shock. You may not even want to believe what the doctor has told you. And there are probably many questions you want to ask but think you can't because you don't know where to start.
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Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer. To help you understand what is happening when you have cancer, it helps to understand how your body works normally. Our bodies are made up of tiny building blocks called cells. Normal cells grow and multiply when the body needs them, and die out when the body does not need them.
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Detailed information on Hodgkin's lymphoma, including causes, stages, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Note: A separate PDQ summary on Adult Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment is also available.
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Detailed information on Hodgkin's lymphoma, including causes, symptoms, staging, diagnosis, and treatment
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Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during pregnancy.
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Finding out which type of Hodgkin's disease you have is an important step in choosing the best treatment. There are 2 different types of Hodgkin's disease. They are based on the way the cells look under a microscope and their immune characteristics. Each type may occur in different age groups. And while they are all cancer, they don't all have the same prognosis.
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Screening tests check for signs of cancer in people who don't have any symptoms. There is no good way to screen for Hodgkin's disease. And there are no nationally recommended screening tests. However, if you have enlarged lymph nodes that are not from an infection or that do not go away after a couple of weeks, see your doctor. He or she is likely to want to take a sample of tissue from the lymph node, called a biopsy, and have it looked at for cancer cells. Having a biopsy may mean the doctor finds the cancer at an early stage, which may be easier to treat and cure.
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If you have any of the factors that put you at risk for Hodgkin's disease, what can you do? The best thing is to try to avoid the risks that you can. There are also several lifestyle changes you can make that may help reduce your risk, such as eating well and getting enough exercise. The role these factors play in helping to prevent Hodgkin's disease is still being studied. Talk with your doctor about what you can do to lower your risk for Hodgkin's disease.
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Scientists and medical professionals are working hard to better understand who will get Hodgkin's disease, and why. For now, there is no way to tell if you will get Hodgkin's disease before it happens. Many cancers have been linked to defective genes, chemical exposure, or dietary habits. Hodgkin's disease has not.
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Researchers are continually finding new ways to treat Hodgkin's disease. People diagnosed with it now have more hope for a cure than ever before.
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Hodgkin's disease treatments are either local or systemic. Local treatments remove, destroy, or control the cancer cells in a certain area of your body. Radiation therapy is a local treatment. Systemic treatments are used to destroy or control cancer cells throughout your entire body. Chemotherapy and stem cell transplant are systemic treatments.
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Hodgkin's disease has many different symptoms. These are the most common. Enlarged lymph nodes. With Hodgkin's disease, swollen lymph nodes that cause the skin to bulge out are often the first thing that people notice. However, enlarged lymph nodes usually result from infection and are very common in the general population. In most cases, swollen lymph nodes are not caused by Hodgkin's disease. The most common areas for swelling are the neck, shoulders (below and above the collarbone), and underarms. Usually, the swollen nodes are painless and not tender to the touch. They may be noticed when the person washes, showers, or shaves. If the swelling happens in the neck, the lymph nodes can cause coughing, shortness of breath, and difficulty swallowing. The body also has lymph glands inside the chest, which are not visible from the outside even when swollen. This may cause coughing.
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When you have radiation and chemotherapy, you may have long-term side effects. While these are not common, they are significant. For these reasons, you'll need to make sure you keep your follow-up appointments with your doctor. Here are some of the things he or she will be checking you for.
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If Hodgkin's disease comes back after treatment, the cancer may still be cured. In many cases, it may respond to other chemotherapy drugs. Your doctor may call this salvage therapy. Your doctor may suggest high-dose chemotherapy, along with peripheral stem cell transplant to improve your long-term prognosis. This is intense and difficult treatment, but it can be very effective. So ask your doctor about all the potential benefits and risks.
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A prognosis is a statement about the prospect of surviving and recovering from a disease. It may sound hard to ask, "Can I survive this?” But it's a question most people have when they learn they have Hodgkin's disease. Unfortunately, there isn't an easy answer.
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A biopsy is the only way for your doctors to know for sure if you have cancer. For a biopsy, the doctor removes a sample of the tumor. The sample is sent to a lab, where a pathologist checks it under a microscope for cancer cells. Several types of biopsies can be done to look for Hodgkin's disease.
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No one is sure how to prevent Hodgkin's disease. The best way to lower your small chance of getting Hodgkin's disease is to stay away from as many risk factors as possible. However, most risk factors for Hodgkin's disease are not in your control. People with known risk factors should talk with their doctor.
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Once the diagnosis is established as Hodgkin's disease, the second important part of diagnosis is assessing how advanced the disease is. Depending on where the initial lymph nodes are, you may need some or all of these tests.
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Listed below are some frequently asked questions regarding Hodgkin's disease. Q: What are lymphomas?
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The first step for this treatment is to be treated with high doses of chemotherapy. Your body would normally not be able to handle such high doses because all the bone marrow and many other cells would be destroyed. However, after the high-dose treatments, you are "rescued” by having healthy new stem cells transplanted.
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When you are being treated for Hodgkin's disease, you will most likely have side effects. Depending on how advanced your cancer is, you may also have symptoms of the disease. For instance, cancer that has spread can cause symptoms such as pressure or pain, or it may interfere with the function of an organ.
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Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. For Hodgkin's disease, the radiation comes from a machine that is directed to the outside of your body. This is called external radiation.
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Dealing with your feelings is often easier as you learn more about Hodgkin's disease and get support from others. Doctors, nurses, and other members of your healthcare team can answer your questions. Talking with friends and family or others who have had cancer can help. Meeting with a social worker, counselor, or member of the clergy may also help. Many people with cancer attend support groups where they share what they have learned about cancer and its treatments. Here are some options for finding support.
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The pathophysiology of a disease is a description of how it grows and moves through the body. Hodgkin's disease has a special way of spreading.
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Survival rates show the percentage of people who live for a specific length of time after being told they have Hodgkin's disease. The rates are specific to people with a certain type and stage of Hodgkin's disease. Often, statistics refer to the 5-year survival rate. That's the percentage of people who are living 5 years after diagnosis. The 5-year rate includes people who:
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Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. For this treatment, you will see a medical oncologist. This is a doctor who specializes in using drugs to treat cancer. For Hodgkin's disease, your doctor is likely to give you more than one drug. This is called combination chemotherapy.
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By using exams and tests, a doctor can tell the stage of a person's Hodgkin's disease. The stage tells the doctor how much and how far the disease has spread. Staging is one of the most important factors in deciding what treatment to have for the disease.
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Most of the short-term side effects of stem cell transplantation are from the high doses of chemotherapy. These should go away as you recover from the transplant. You may also experience a strange taste in your mouth from the preservative used to freeze the stem cells. These are some common side effects listed from most to least common.
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Chemotherapy drugs are designed to attack and kill cells that divide quickly, including lymphoma cells. These drugs can also affect quickly dividing normal cells, such as your hair or blood cells. The side effects of chemotherapy are different for everyone. They depend on these things.
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Radiation therapy affects normal cells as well as cancer cells. Side effects of radiation depend on the part of your body being treated. Here are some of the common side effects.
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Here are some common side effects from treatment for Hodgkin's disease and how to ease them. You may not have all of these. We've listed them in alphabetical order so that you can find help when you need it.
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Treating your cancer to get the best results is important. But your quality of life also matters. Let your doctor and nurse know if you are experiencing any side effects or discomfort. Make sure you tell your doctor or nurse how these problems affect your day-to-day life. Your healthcare team is there to help you manage your symptoms as well as to treat your cancer.
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Hodgkin''s disease, also called Hodgkin''s lymphoma, is a type of cancer involving tissues of the lymphatic system, or lymph nodes. Its cause is unknown, although some interaction between individual genetic makeup, family history, environmental expo...
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Hodgkin''s disease is a rare lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system.Hodgkin''s disease, or Hodgkin''s lymphoma, was first described in 1832 by Thomas Hodgkin, a British physician. Hodgkin clearly differentiated between this disease and the much m...
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Hodgkin''s disease is a rare lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system.Hodgkin''s disease, or Hodgkin''s lymphoma, was first described in 1832 by Thomas Hodgkin, a British physician. Hodgkin clearly differentiated between this disease and the much m...
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Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of adult Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Screening tests check for signs of disease in people who don't have any symptoms. Your doctor can check you for some types of cancer, even before you have symptoms. But there is no good way to screen for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. If you have enlarged lymph nodes that are not caused by a common infection or that do not return to a normal size after a couple of weeks, your doctor may recommend a biopsy of a lymph node to check for lymphoma cells. Lymphoma can be in the body for months or years before a person shows any signs or symptoms of the disease. If you have any symptoms, see your doctor as soon as possible.
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The prognosis for people diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease before it has spread is very good. These are the facts according to the 2006 Cancer Facts & Figures from the American Cancer Society. The survival rate for people whose doctors find Hodgkin's disease while it's still stage I or II is 90 to 95%. The relative survival rates for all patients combined are as follows.
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Expert-reviewed information summary about the treatment of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Some people use statistical reports to try to figure out their chance of getting cancer. Or they use them to try to figure out their chance of being cured. Statistics show what happens with large groups of people. Because no two people are alike, statistics can't be used to know or predict what will happen to you.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multisystem, autoimmune, connective-tissue disorder with a broad range of clinical presentations. There is a peak age of onset in young women between their late teens and early 40s and women to men ratio of 9:1.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus(also called lupus or SLE) is a disease where a person''s immune system attacks and injures the body''s own organs and tissues. Almost every system of the body can be affected by SLE.The body''s immune system is a network ...
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Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder. It may affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.Disseminated lupus erythematosus; SLE; Lupus; Lupus erythematosus.SLE(lupus) is an autoimmune disease.
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Detailed information on systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Detailed information on systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Detailed information on systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with protean clinical manifestations that may affect any organs or system. shows the 1997 revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the classification of SLE. The disease is characterized by flares, remissions and autoantibodies directed against several intracellular and cell-surface antigens.
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The following Clinical Topic Tour provides an overview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and was adapted from materials published by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
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Because most therapeutic interventions in patients with SLE are associated with significant undesirable side effects, the physician must first decide whether a patient needs treatment and, if so, whether conservative management is sufficient or aggressive immunosuppression is necessary. Figure 76-1 presents an algorithm for this decision making.
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My mother was diagnosed a few years ago with lupus (non-systemic). Can this turn into systemic lupus?
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Nearly all people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a positive (abnormal) ANA -- that is, the sensitivity of the ANA for SLE is quite high. That also means that it is very rare to have lupus with a negative (normal) ANA.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus(also called lupus or SLE) is a disease in which a person''s immune system attacks and injures the body''s own organs and tissues. Almost every system of the body can be affected.The body''s immune system is a network of c...
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Bacteria are prokaryotes(unicellular organisms with no membrane-enclosed nucleus) with simple structures that typically range in size from about 0.5 to 20 micrometers.Bacteria are named according to the binomial(two-name) system of nomenclature fi...
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The bacterium Heliobacter pylori is the only one that can survive inside the human stomach. It causes gastritis and ulcers, but is generally treatable with a combination of antibiotics.
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Detailed information on the different types of hepatitis, including viral hepatitis, hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c
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Detailed information on the different types of hepatitis, including viral hepatitis, hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c
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Detailed information on the different types of hepatitis, including viral hepatitis, hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c
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Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that can affect the liver, lymph nodes, and oral cavity. While mononucleosis is not usually a serious disease, its primary symptoms of fatigue and lack of energy can...
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Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands, especially in the neck.See also: Infectious mononucleosis(acute CMV infection).Mononucleosis, or mono, is often spread by saliva and close contact. It is know...
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Detailed information on infectious mononucleosis, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and transmission
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Detailed information on infectious mononucleosis, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and transmission
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Often called "mono" for short, mononucleosis is an infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the herpes viruses.
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Detailed information on infectious mononucleosis, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and transmission
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Detailed information on infectious mononucleosis, including symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and transmission
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Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which can affect the liver, lymph nodes, and oral cavity. While mononucleosis is not usually a serious disease, its primary symptoms of fatigue and lack of energy c...
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To what extent should a person who has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis limit physical activities? And for how long? I know to avoid contact sports, but what about swimming, snorkeling or scuba activities once symptoms have eased?
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My 17-year-old daughter has mono for the third time within 1 1/2 years. Is this common? What could be done as a possible preventive? Should we be seeing an immunologist?
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Detailed information on respiratory conditions in children, including asthma, croup, the common cold, and the flu
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The FDA notes that shellfish, especially mollusks, are more likely to cause foodborne illness than fish because shellfish pump water through their bodies.
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