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Exposure to chemical pollution, occupational
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Turcot syndrome
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Radiotherapy is the use of high-energy penetrating radiation(x rays, gamma rays, proton rays, and neutron rays) to kill cancer cells.The primary purpose of radiotherapy is to eliminate or shrink localized cancers. It is also sometimes used to trea...
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Radiation and radioisotopes are extensively used medications to allow physicians to image internal structures and processes in vivo(in the living body) with a minimum of invasion to the patient. Higher doses of radiation are also used as means to ...
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Ultraviolet radiation(UVR) comprises a spectrum of electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths, subdivided for convenience into three bands, which are measured in nanometers(nm):(1) UVA("black light"), 315 to 400 nm;(2) UVB, 280 to 315 nm; and(...
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Electromagnetic waves of extremely short wavelength(X-rays and gamma rays) and accelerated atomic particles(such as electrons, protons, neutrons, and alpha particles) deposit enough localized energy in an absorbing medium to dislodge electrons fro...
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Nonionizing radiation, in contrast to ionizing radiation, is electromagnetic radiation that does not have sufficient energy to remove electrons from an atom or molecules to form an ion(or charged particle) during a collision. Instead, it imparts e...
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What kind of radiation causes thyroid cancer? What about microwave ovens and dental x-rays?
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Radiation is a way of treating cancer. Radiation uses beams of energy to destroy cancer cells. With each dose, the tumor gets smaller. The cancer cells die and healthy cells take their place. Radiation may be used alone or with chemotherapy, and may be done before or after surgery.
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Can radiation treatments for prostate cancer damage the bladder, causing it to bleed 10 years after the radiation?
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Can a breast that has undergone radiation treatment for cancer be biopsied in the future, if necessary?
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My father had a pacemaker implanted five years ago. He wants to purchase a new 5.8 GHz cordless phone. I have heard the cellular phones have had some interference with pacemakers; is this also true of digital cordless phones at this frequency?
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According to recent reports, the radiation used during a heart stress test can set off security alarms used in buildings and airports.
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Neurofibromatosis(NF), or von Recklinghausen disease, is a disorder which causes development of multiple soft tumors(neurofibromas). These tumors occur under the skin and throughout the nervous system(cells which control body movement and sensatio...
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Von Recklinghausen''s neurofibromatosis is also called von Recklinghausen disease or simply neurofibromatosis(NF). It is an automsomal dominant hereditary disorder.
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Neurofibromatosis(NF) is a genetic disease in which multiple soft tumors(neurofibromas) develop under the skin and throughout the nervous system. Various sized tumors may grow on the nerves in or leading away from the brain and spinal cord(periphe...
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Neurofibromatosis(NF), or von Recklinghausen disease, is a disorder which causes development of multiple soft tumors(neurofibromas). These tumors occur under the skin and throughout the nervous system(cells which control body movement and sensatio...
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Neurofibromatosis(NF), or von Recklinghausen disease, is a genetic disease in which patients develop multiple soft tumors(neurofibromas). These tumors occur under the skin and throughout the nervous system.Neural crest cells are primitive cells wh...
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Neurofibromatosis(NF) is a genetic condition in which fleshy tumors called neurofibromas grow throughout the body. Neurofibromatosis was first written up in the medical literature in 1882 by a German physician, Dr.
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A head injury is any trauma that leads to injury of the scalp, skull, or brain. The injuries can range from a minor bump on the skull to serious brain injury.Head injury is classified as either closed or open(penetrating).A closed head injury mean...
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Detailed information on head injury, including causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment
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Detailed information on head injury, including causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment
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Detailed information on head injury, including causes, symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment
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Head trauma can be fatal. The effects from some types of head trauma may not appear right away. So it's important to get medical attention for any head injury.
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Detailed information on superficial injuries to the face and head In the course of a child's day, minor injuries may occur during play and sports activities. The face and head are especially at risk for cuts, scrapes, and lacerations because:
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My 4-month-old was hit in the head. It did not cause a big bruise, but then two hours after the incident he threw up twice. In this case should an infant be watched or taken to the emergency room?
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A strong blow to the head may cause swelling and bleeding inside the skull. The resulting pressure can injure the brain (concussion). If you have any doubts identifying a concussion, have a healthcare provider check the victim.
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Children hit their heads frequently. Most of the time, the injury is minor, usually involving only the scalp, and nothing needs to be done. Sometimes, the injury is more serious, involving the skull and/or brain inside, and medical attention is required.
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Injury to the head may damage the scalp, skull or brain. The most important consequence of head trauma is traumatic brain injury.
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Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL) syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by tumors that arise in multiple locations in the body. Some of these tumors cause cancer and some do not.
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Von Hippel-Lindau disease(VHL) is a hereditary condition that involves cancer and can affect people of all ages. It was named after the physicians to first describe aspects of the condition in the early 1900s, German ophthalmologist Eugen von Hipp...
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Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL) syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by tumors that arise in multiple locations in the body. Some of these tumors cause cancer and some do not.
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Von Hippel-Lindau disease(VHL) is a rare familial cancer syndrome. A person with VHL can develop both benign and malignant tumors and cysts in many different organs in the body.
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome(LFS) is a hereditary condition in which individuals have an increased risk for developing certain kinds of tumors. The characteristic tumors of LFS are adrenocortical carcinoma, breast cancer, brain cancer, leukemia, and sarco...
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Detailed information on Li-Fraumeni syndrome, including causes of the disorder The risk for breast cancer and many other forms of cancer is increased with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a genetic autosomal dominant cancer syndrome. A diagnosis of LFS is made when all of the following characteristics are present in a family:
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome(LFS) is a hereditary condition in which individuals have an increased risk for developing certain kinds of tumors. The characteristic tumors of LFS are adrenocortical carcinoma, breast cancer, brain cancer, leukemia and sarcoma.
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Li-Fraumeni syndrome(LFS) is a genetic disorder caused by a hereditary mutation in a cancer susceptibility gene. Individuals with LFS have an increased risk for developing certain types of cancer, often at younger ages than is typically observed i...
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When you exercise, you gain more strength and flexibility. Your mood will improve, and you'll be able to think better.
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In elderly patients, symptoms of depression can be mistaken for symptoms of another medical problem, so it is important for clinicians to consider all physical problems and medications of elderly patients before making a diagnosis.
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Aimed at older adults, this report provides practical advice on how to avoid common and often deadly accidents at home.
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Learn how to put together a caregiving plan, draw on useful services, and address legal, medical, and financial planning issues. Also, find advice on involving family members, handling daily tasks, and maintaining your well being.
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Each fall you hear that the flu threatens senior citizens and folks with chronic ailments. But the rate of hospital stays is highest in another group—young children.
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Having a make-believe friend is a normal part of your child's growth and usually happens between ages 3 and 6.
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Some kids need plenty of time to warm up and become independent, and others would leave home if you let them.
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How often do you and your family all manage to sit down together for dinner? Your answer means far more than a chance to find out what's going on in school.
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Crooks from computer experts to purse snatchers can steal personal information and run up bills in victims' names. Clearing up the mess can be costly and stressful.
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Citing the latest research on the brain, experts say chess, Scrabble, Monopoly -- even jigsaw puzzles or tic-tac-toe -- help children build analytical, organizational and creative skills.
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Health professionals say that the number of classes or activities isn't what's important. It's the nature of those experiences that counts.
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Here are tips for helping (not forcing) your grade-schooler to drift off to dreamland.
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Orthodontic treatment most commonly begins between ages 9 and 14 because kids in this age range have at least some permanent teeth and are still growing.
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The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Public Health Association have guidelines that can help you make up your mind.
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The key is communication. Talking to your children is only half the answer. Listening is the other half.
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So who's in charge, the parent or grandparent? Experts say it's the parent's job to parent unless grandparents are told otherwise.
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While you want to make sure your child gets the right vitamins and minerals, it's best for kids to get all the nutrients they need from food. But there are some children who may need a supplement.
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All 50 states have a combination of laws that require drivers to restrain children in car seats, booster seats, and seats belts. Specifics vary by state, based on the child's age and size.
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Power tools make yard work easier, from mowing the lawn to trimming the bushes. These tools, however, also pose a threat to children if precautions aren't taken.
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What do children need most to grow into healthy, successful adults? Self-confidence, say the experts. Here's what parents do to bolster their children's self-confidence?
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We should be good at this by now. The U.S. Census Bureau reports that about one sixth of Americans move each year.
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Children have fun exploring, and you can keep them safe by controlling the household terrain.
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The number one rule when shopping with your children is to remember you're shopping with your children. Keep an eye on them at all times.
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Children of different ages have different sleep needs—from 10 hours for younger kids to 8-/12 or more for teens.
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Most headaches in kids are caused by tension, not disease. Your pediatrician can determine what kind of headache your child has.
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Although most adolescents who use drugs don't become drug abusers or drug addicts in adulthood, drug use in adolescence can put their mental, emotional and physical health at risk.
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Here are recipes that fit the bill for teaching some baking basics and setting some good nutrition patterns early. All you'll need are some simple tools and tolerance for a few spills. These recipes are safe for a child to make (with adult help) and are practically foolproof.
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Summer months are prime time for "informal learning," child development experts say. Brain research shows as children play and pretend, they are re-enacting experiences they've had and trying to make sense of the world.
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Hepatitis B is a highly contagious, sexually transmitted disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver, possibly causing lifelong liver infection, cirrhosis (scarring) of the liver, liver cancer and death.
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As they assert their growing independence, young people naturally want to act and make decisions on their own, but they still need and want to maintain a close relationship with the adults in their lives, experts say.
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Divorce can be an emotional train wreck for both parents, but often the family members hurt most have the least control -- the children. What's the best way to help children adjust to divorce?
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To fight the harmful rise of obesity in the young, many schools, towns and states are revamping food and fitness programs, often at parents' urging.
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Excess childhood weight is placing "an unprecedented burden" on children's health. It's triggering a host of dangerous health problems once seen only in adults.
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Kids who have strict mothers are five times more likely to be overweight than kids who have flexible moms, according to a study in the journal Pediatrics.
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Talking with your child about drugs, alcohol and tobacco is tough. But you can't afford to ignore these topics. Children learn about these substances and feel pressure to use them at a very young age.
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Over-the-counter drugs can help ease a child's aches and pains, but you should know a few things before you pop open a bottle.
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Don't argue about cost. Do talk with your children about money management and media messages.
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Grandchildren really do like learning about how life used to be, even if they don't directly say so.
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Walkers can cause children to roll down stairs, causing head injuries and even death. This is the most common way children get hurt in walkers.
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Many childhood illnesses are mild enough to be treated at home. But what about when the symptoms are more severe?
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You can play a significant role in protecting your child's health and life by being involved, asking questions, and learning about your child's conditions and treatments.
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Most weight problems are caused by too little activity and too much food. Most children who are overweight don't need to diet.
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Sports and other physical activities can help kids stay healthy and physically fit, but they also can result in injuries, such as scrapes and sprains.
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If your child starts hanging around with an imaginary friend, enjoy the company. It's often part of a child's development and usually happens between ages 3 and 6.
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Your child is nearsighted if far away objects look blurry. Your child is farsighted if close-up objects look blurry. Other common eye problems: wandering eye, injuries and infections.
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A long-term study on the efficacy of psychosocial treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Supplying rewards for desirable behavior may be helpful in the treatment of substance abusers and children with behavorial problems.
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How important is a good breakfast for children?
Q. How important is a good breakfast for children?
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The death of a child???one of the severest forms of stress???can increase the risk of psychiatric hospitalization, a study reveals.
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International adoptions turn out to have surprisingly good outcomes, according to a study.
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Siblings of children with autism are at higher risk of developing the disorder. A study suggests that these at-risk children should be screened around their first and second birthdays to increase the chance of detecting warning signs.
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Caring for a child with a mental health problem causes a greater financial burden on the family than caring for a child with some other type of medical problem.
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Research shows some marked differences in the development of children born to schizophrenic mothers.
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How common is it to treat constipation in a child with Miralax -- for more than three years? Are there other treatments? Can it be controlled by diet?
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How long is scarlet fever contagious after treatment is given?
Henry (Hank) Bernstein, D.O. is a Senior Lecturer in Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Pediatrics at Dartmouth Medical School. Formerly the Associate Chief of General Pediatrics and Director of Primary Care at Children's Hospital Boston, he currently is the Chief of General Academic Pediatrics at Children's Hospital at Dartmouth. He has extensive and varied experience as a primary care pediatrician, and is a spokesperson for the news media on a variety of pediatric health care topics, including vaccination, common childhood illnesses, and practical information for caregivers.
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My 14-month-old son has a cough. Infant medicines have been pulled off the shelf, but he weighs enough to take the smallest dose of children's Robitussin. Is it safe to give it to him considering his age?
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My 8-year-old daughter has a high fever and I would like to give her something to reduce the fever, but she is vomiting also. Is there anything you can suggest?
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What is dyscalculia, and what are recommended treatments for it?
Henry (Hank) Bernstein, D.O. is a Senior Lecturer in Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Pediatrics at Dartmouth Medical School. Formerly the Associate Chief of General Pediatrics and Director of Primary Care at Children's Hospital Boston, he currently is the Chief of General Academic Pediatrics at Children's Hospital at Dartmouth. He has extensive and varied experience as a primary care pediatrician, and is a spokesperson for the news media on a variety of pediatric health care topics, including vaccination, common childhood illnesses, and practical information for caregivers.
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Can I give my 10-year-old child, whose weight is 140 pounds, adult acetaminophen? If so, how much?
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My 4-year-old daughter recently started having fits where her whole body arches and her calves tighten up and her ankles twist inward. What could this be?
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Should my 4-year-old get his immunizations if he has cold symptoms?
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My child, age 3, grinds his teeth at night. What can we do to prevent him from doing this? What is this doing to his teeth?
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My daughter will be 1 year old on May 8, 2005. She does not know how to crawl yet. She also does not know how to stand holding on very well. Should I be concerned?
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My 10-year old son sometimes complains of pain in the lower portion of his knees. Otherwise he is healthy and active. His diet is balanced and he loves to eat fruits, veggies and poultry. What could be causing this pain?
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Would you recommend the LAP-BAND procedure for obese children under 10 years of age?
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Are children at risk for DVT when flying long distances?
Claire McCarthy, M.D., is a senior medical editor for Harvard Health Publications. She is an instructor in pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, an attending physician at Children's Hospital of Boston, and co-director of the pediatrics department at Martha Eliot Health Center, a neighborhood health service of Children's Hospital. The author of two books, "Learning How the Heart Beats" and "Everyone's Children", Dr. McCarthy was a regular columnist for "Sesame Street Parents Magazine" from 1995 to 1998 and is currently a contributing editor for "Parenting Magazine".
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Can a child have scarlet fever more than once?
Henry (Hank) Bernstein, D.O. is a Senior Lecturer in Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School and Professor of Pediatrics at Dartmouth Medical School. Formerly the Associate Chief of General Pediatrics and Director of Primary Care at Children's Hospital Boston, he currently is the Chief of General Academic Pediatrics at Children's Hospital at Dartmouth. He has extensive and varied experience as a primary care pediatrician, and is a spokesperson for the news media on a variety of pediatric health care topics, including vaccination, common childhood illnesses, and practical information for caregivers.
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My daughter was out in the sun all day. For two days she has been running a fever as high as 103. Could this be caused by too much sun?
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What is the normal blood pressure rate and heart rate in children (ages 8,10, and 12)?
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Should children ages 6 to 15 be allowed to drink "energy drinks" such as Red Bull?
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Can I still give my 1 1/2 year old cold/cough medicine? Is it safe?
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My toddler is almost 29 months old and weighs 41 pounds. She has been obese since she was 4 months old. She is a very active child who does not eat meat. When should I start to be concerned about her losing the weight?
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My son is 8. Is it possible for him to have stress problems at this young age? Whenever he gets worried or too hot, he seems to break out in welts.
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Is tuna fish OK for an 18-month-old toddler to eat?
Claire McCarthy, M.D., is a senior medical editor for Harvard Health Publications. She is an instructor in pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, an attending physician at Children's Hospital of Boston, and co-director of the pediatrics department at Martha Eliot Health Center, a neighborhood health service of Children's Hospital. The author of two books, "Learning How the Heart Beats" and "Everyone's Children", Dr. McCarthy was a regular columnist for "Sesame Street Parents Magazine" from 1995 to 1998 and is currently a contributing editor for "Parenting Magazine".
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We will be living in Nigeria with a 15-month-old child. Is there a way to prevent malaria in children this age?
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The most common cause is an infection from germs (bacteria or viruses) that are passed from person to person. However, conjunctivitis also can be caused by an allergic reaction to something (for example, tree pollen), by contact with something irritating (for example, smoke in the air or chlorine in a pool), or rarely, by problems of the eye.
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Cough is very common in children. When your child coughs, he is pushing air out of his lungs to clear his breathing tubes, which can be blocked for all sorts of reasons. Infections (from the mild common cold to the more serious pneumonia), asthma, and allergies are among the more common causes, but cough can be caused by other things as well.
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Detailed anatomical description of the prostate gland, including simple definitions and labeled, full-color illustrations
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Detailed anatomical description of the prostate gland, including simple definitions and labeled, full-color illustrations
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Detailed anatomical description of the prostate gland, including simple definitions and labeled, full-color illustrations
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Detailed information on male growth and development As a male matures from a young boy into a man, there are many important things to consider regarding his health and development. Listed in the directory below are some, for which we have provided a brief overview.
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Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph glands, especially in the neck.See also: Infectious mononucleosis(acute CMV infection).Mononucleosis, or mono, is often spread by saliva and close contact. It is know...
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Detailed information on electric and magnetic fields There has been a fear that electric and magnetic fields (EMF) from power lines in residential areas may be linked to cancer and other diseases in humans. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) conducted a six-year research and evaluation program on EMF associated with power line frequencies and concluded that the evidence for a risk of cancer and other human disease from the EMF around power lines is weak.
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Technically, the term"electromagnetic field"(EMF) refers to all fields throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. In common usage, however, the term usually refers to so-called extremely low-frequency nonionizing radiation fields—those fields ...
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Since the late 1970s, concerns have been raised about the link between electric and magnetic fields, the invisible lines of force that surround all electrical devices, and cancer. Alternating current(AC), the form of electric power used in the Uni...
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Basal cell nevus syndrome is a group of defects, passed down through families, that involve the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine glands, and bones.The condition causes an unusual facial appearance and a higher risk of skin cancers.Nevoid basa...
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Detailed information on the genetics of basal cell nevus syndrome, also called Gorlin syndrome or nevoid basal cell carcinoma
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Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosome disorder in males. People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome.Klinefelter syndrome is a condition where one or more extra X-chromosomes are present in a male.
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Klinefelter syndrome is the presence of an extra X chromosome in a male.Humans have 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes contain all of your genes and DNA, the building blocks of the body.
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Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosome disorder in males. People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome.Klinefelter syndrome is a condition where one or more extra X-chromosomes are present in a male.
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Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosome disorder in males that results in hypogonadism(small penis and small firm testicles). People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome.Klinefelter syndrome is a condition where one or mo...
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Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosome disorder in males. People with this condition are born with at least one extra X chromosome.Klinefelter syndrome is a condition where one or more extra X-chromosomes are present in a male.
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In Klinefelter''s syndrome, one or more extra X chromosomes are present.(The extra chromosomes identified as Klinefelter''s syndrome fall into one of the following categories: 47XXY, 48XXYY, 48XXXY, 49XXXY, or 49 XX/XXY.Although individuals with Kli...
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