Monday, February 13, 2012
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Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Learning Center

Examination usually indicates acute kidney failure. There may be signs of fluid overload, including abnormal sounds on listening to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope (auscultation).
Source:ADAM
Date:August 13, 2009
Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle. This article discusses the laboratory test to measure the amount of creatinine in the blood. Creatinine can also be measured with a urine test. See: Creatinine - ...
Source:ADAM
Date:August 7, 2009
Creatine is an important compound produced by the body. It combines with phosphorus to make a high-energy phosphate compound in the body. Creatine phosphate is used in skeletal muscle contraction.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
During a physical examination, a health care provider studies a patient's body to determine the presence or absence of physical problems. A typical physical examination includes: Inspection (looking at the body; Palpation (feeling the body with ha...
Source:ADAM
Date:February 23, 2009
The health status of populations and of individuals is assessed for many reasons. Assessing needs for care helps guide the allocation of resources— diagnostic assessments guide treatment, prognostic assessments contribute to planning, and assessin...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health
Kidney function tests are common procedures used to evaluate kidney (renal) function. Refer to the following documents for details of how each test is performed: BUN; Creatinine - blood; Creatinine clearance; Creatinine - urine.
Source:ADAM
Date:November 16, 2006
Kidney function tests are a cadre of tests that are used to screen for and manage renal disease. Tests commonly used for this purpose are plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), electrolytes, and routine urinalysis . Additional laboratory te...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Kidney function tests is a collective term for a variety of individual tests and procedures that can be done to evaluate how well the kidneys are functioning. A doctor who orders kidney function tests and uses the results to assess the functioning...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery
Kidney function tests is a collective term for a variety of individual tests and procedures that can be done to evaluate how well the kidneys are functioning.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down. A test can be done to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.
Source:ADAM
Date:May 13, 2009
The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the level of urea nitrogen in a sample of the patient's blood. Urea is a substance that is formed in the liver when the body breaks down protein. Urea then circulates in the blood in the form of urea nit...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
The creatinine clearance test compares the level of creatinine in urine with the creatinine level in the blood. (Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is an important part of muscle) The test helps provide information on kidney func...
Source:ADAM
Date:August 10, 2009
A protein urine test measures the amount of proteins, such as albumin, found in a urine sample. A blood test may also be done to measure the level of albumin. See: Serum albumin
Source:ADAM
Date:August 7, 2009
This test measures the amount of potassium in the blood. Potassium (K) helps nerves and muscles communicate. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. Potassium levels in the body are mainly controlled by the hormone...
Source:ADAM
Date:May 13, 2009
The osmolality urine test the concentration of particles in urine. Osmolality (particles/kg water) and osmolarity (particles/liter of solution) are sometimes confused, but for dilute fluids such as urine they are essentially the same. A blood test...
Source:ADAM
Date:August 7, 2009
Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) is the amount of salt (sodium) that leaves your body through urine compared to the amount filtered and reabsorbed by the kidney. FENa is not a test, but rather a calculation based on the concentrations of sodi...
Source:ADAM
Date:November 30, 2009
Urinalysis is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. It involves a number of tests to detect and measure various compounds that pass through the urine.
Source:ADAM
Date:March 14, 2009
Urinalysis is a diagnostic physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of a urine sample (specimen). Specimens can be obtained by normal emptying of the bladder (voiding) or by a hospital procedure called catheterization.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
Urinalysis is an important test used in diagnosing diseases of the genitourinary tract. Urine is examined for pH and specific gravity by chemical and direct microscopic methods. The presence and concentration of various chemicals such as proteins,...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health
Urine typically contains epithelial cells shed from the urinary tract. Urine cytology evaluates this urinary sediment for the presence of cancerous cells from the lining of the urinary tract, and it is a convenient noninvasive technique for follow...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health
A urine dipstick is a colorimetric chemical assay that can be used to determine the pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, urobilinogen, blood, leukocyte, and nitrite levels of an individual's urine. It consists of a reagent st...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health
A urinalysis is a group of manual and/or automated qualitative and semi-quantitative tests performed on a urine sample. A routine urinalysis usually includes the following tests: color, transparency, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
The urine specimen collection is a procedure used to obtain a sample of urine from a patient for diagnostic tests.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
A urinalysis is a group of manual and/or automated qualitative and semi-quantitative tests performed on a urine sample. A routine urinalysis usually includes the following tests: color, transparency, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive way to take pictures of the body. Unlike x-rays and computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The MRI scanner contains the magnet. The magneti...
Source:ADAM
Date:October 29, 2008
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a unique and versatile medical imaging modality. Doctors can obtain highly refined images of the body's interior using MRI. By using strong magnetic fields and pulses of radio waves to manipulate the natural mag...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the newest diagnostic medical imaging technologies that uses strong magnets and pulses of radio waves to manipulate the natural magnetic properties in the body to generate a visible image. In the field of...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the newest, and perhaps most versatile, medical imaging technology available. Doctors can get highly refined images of the body's interior without surgery, using MRI. By using strong magnets and pulses of radio ...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses radio waves, a magnetic field, and a computer to generate images of the anatomy.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Children's Health
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the newest, and perhaps most versatile, medical imaging technology available. Doctors can get highly refined images of the body's interior without surgery using MRI. By using strong magnets and pulses of ...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer
MRI produces a map of hydrogen atoms distributed in the body. Hydrogen is the simplest element known, the most abundant in biological tissue, and one that can be magnetically polarized. It will align itself within a strong magnetic field, like the...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery
Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body.
Source:ADAM
Date:March 27, 2009
Ultrasonography is a diagnostic technique that involves directing high frequency sound waves at tissues in the body to generate images of anatomical structures. Ultrasonography is also called sonography, diagnostic sonography, and echocardiography...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
A thyroid ultrasound, or sonogram, is a diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the structure of the thyroid gland . The thyroid is an endocrine gland, which means that it releases its secretions directly into the bloodstream or lymph. It co...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Diagnostic medical sonography, or ultrasound, is a technique using high frequency sound to create images of specific areas of the body to diagnose various pathologies. The diagnostic medical sonographer performs examinations, records anatomic cond...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health
Ultrasonography is the study of internal organs or blood vessels using high-frequency sound waves. The actual test is called an ultrasound scan or sonogram. Duplex ultrasonography uses Doppler technology to study blood cells moving through major v...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer
The use of ultrasound to obtain diagnostic images is referred to as diagnostic sonography. Since diagnostic sonography utilizes a nonionizing form of energy, there are no known bioeffects. Thus, diagnostic sonography is applied to a large spectrum...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health
A biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for laboratory examination.
Source:ADAM
Date:November 11, 2008
A biopsy describes the procedure that is used to obtain a very small piece of the target tissue. For some tissues, like the lining of the cheek, cells can be obtained just by scrapping the tissue surface. Other samples are collected using forceps ...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
Biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a piece of tissue and/or cells are removed to be examined under a microscope by a pathologist.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer
A medical procedure used to diagnose a condition. Most biopsies involve taking a small piece of skin or muscle under a local anesthetic. When the cells to be analyzed are accessible by needle, the biopsy specimen may be removed with a hollow aspir...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence
A renal biopsy is the removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for laboratory examination.
Source:ADAM
Date:October 22, 2007
Kidney biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small piece of tissue is removed from the kidney for microscopic examination.
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the abdomen is a noninvasive method to create detailed pictures of the inside of the belly area. Unlike x-rays and computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio...
Source:ADAM
Date:February 23, 2009
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners rely on the principles of atomic nuclear-spin resonance. Using strong magnetic fields and radio waves, MRI collects and correlates deflections caused by atoms into images. MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging ...
Source:Gale Encyclopedia of Neurological Disorders
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