Generic Name: riboflavin

Uses

Riboflavin Deficiency

Used to prevent and treat riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis).

Riboflavin deficiency may occur in patients with long-standing infections, liver disease, alcoholism, malignancy, cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, and those taking probenecid.

Dietary Requirements

Adequate intake needed to prevent riboflavin deficiency (ariboflavinosis).

Adequate intake of riboflavin usually can be accomplished through consumption of foodstuffs, including milk, bread products, and fortified cereals.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) in adults based on a combination of criteria including erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity and urinary excretion of riboflavin.

Adequate intake (AI) established for infants ≤6 months of age based on riboflavin intake of infants fed principally human milk; AI for infants 7–12 months of age based on the AI for younger infants and data from adults.

EAR and RDA for children 1–18 years of age based on data in adults.

Urinalysis Marker

Used as a urine marker when mixed with various drugs to test for patient compliance with the therapeutic regimen of these drugs.

Migraine Headaches

Has been used for prophylaxis of migraine headache† to decrease the frequency and duration of attacks.

Dosage and Administration

General

• Correct poor dietary habits and consider a multivitamin preparation containing riboflavin in patients with vitamin deficiencies since poor dietary habits often result in concurrent deficiencies.

Administration

Administer orally.

May be given by IM injection or IV infusion as a component of a multivitamin injection. A parenteral formulation containing riboflavin alone is not currently commercially available.

Oral Administration

Administer orally, preferably with food.

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Riboflavin Deficiency (Ariboflavinosis)

Oral

Usually, 3–10 mg daily.

Dietary and Replacement Requirements

Oral

Infants <6 months of age: AI is 0.3 mg (0.04 mg/kg) daily.

Infants 6–12 months of age: AI is 0.4 mg (0.04 mg/kg) daily.

Children 1–3 years of age: RDA is 0.5 mg daily.

Children 4–8 years of age: RDA is 0.6 mg daily.

Children 9–13 years of age: RDA is 0.9 mg daily.

Girls 14–19 years of age: RDA is 1 mg daily.

Boys 14–19 years of age: RDA is 1.3 mg daily.

Adults

Riboflavin Deficiency (Ariboflavinosis)

Oral

Usually, 5–30 mg daily given in divided doses.

Patients with normocytic, normochromic anemia: 10 mg daily usually increases reticulocyte count within a few days.

Dietary and Replacement Requirements

Oral

Women ≥19 years of age: RDA is 1.1 mg daily.

Men ≥19 years of age: RDA is 1.3 mg daily.

These RDAs will not meet the needs of individuals with severe malabsorption.

Migraine Headaches

Oral

400 mg daily; maximal benefit may occur after 3 months of prophylaxis therapy.†

Special Populations

Pregnant women: RDA is 1.4 mg daily. Riboflavin intake exceeding this RDA may be needed by women who are pregnant with more than one fetus.

Lactating women: RDA is 1.6 mg daily. Riboflavin intake exceeding this RDA may be needed by mothers nursing more than one infant.

May require additional riboflavin intake in patients who are extremely physically active.

Renal Impairment

Patients undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may require additional riboflavin.

Cautions

Contraindications

• Known hypersensitivity to riboflavin or any ingredient in the formulation.

Warnings/Precautions

Warnings

Concomitant Diseases

Increased riboflavin deficiency risk in patients with cancer, cardiac disease, or diabetes mellitus.

General Precautions

Fixed-Combination Preparations

Consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with other drug(s) and vitamins in fixed-combination preparations.

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category A. Category C (for dosages >RDA). (See Special Populations under Dosage and Administration.)

Lactation

Distributed into human milk.

Common Adverse Effects

Usually nontoxic even in large doses.

Interactions

Specific Drugs and Laboratory Tests

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Readily absorbed from the upper GI tract. Rate of absorption is proportional to intake.

Onset

Therapeutic response in riboflavin-deficient patients may require several days for ocular and dermatologic manifestations of deficiency to improve.

Following oral administration in deficient patients with normocytic, normochromic anemia, an increase in reticulocyte count usually occurs within a few days.

Food

Food increases extent of absorption.

Special Populations

Extent of absorption is decreased in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis, or biliary obstruction.

Distribution

Extent

Widely distributed into most tissues, including GI mucosal cells, erythrocytes, and the liver as riboflavin 5-phosphate (flavin mononucleotide [FMN]) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Free riboflavin is present in the retina.

Stored in limited amounts in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and heart, mainly as FAD.

Crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk.

Plasma Protein Binding

About 60% as FAD and FMN.

Elimination

Metabolism

Phosphorylated to FMN in GI mucosal cells, erythrocytes, and the liver; FMN is converted to FAD in the liver.

Elimination Route

Urine (about 9%) as unchanged drug; fate of the remainder of the dose not determined.

Half-life

Following oral or IM administration, about 66–84 minutes.

Special Populations

Removal by hemodialysis is slower than normal renal excretion.

In neonates, urinary excretion is slow; however, the cumulative amount excreted is similar to the amount excreted by older infants.

Stability

Storage

Oral

Tablets

Tight, light-resistant containers at 15–30°C.

Compatibility

For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.

Incompatible with alkaline solutions.

Actions

• An exogenous source of riboflavin is required for tissue respiration.
• Converts to coenzymes (FMN and FAD) involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of organic substrates and in intermediary metabolism.
• Flavocoenzymes are involved in the formation of some vitamins and their coenzymes, including niacin, vitamin B₆, and vitamin B₁₂.
• Indirectly involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity.

Advice to Patients

• Importance of proper dietary habits, including taking appropriate AI or RDA of vitamin B₂.
• Inform patients that large doses of riboflavin can result in bright yellow urine.
• Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.
• Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs.
• Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Riboflavin, riboflavin 5-phosphate, and riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium are also commercially available in combination with other vitamins, minerals, amino acids, cerebral stimulants, protein supplements, infant formulas, enzymes, hormones, sedatives, laxatives, and unsaturated fatty acids. For IM injection, riboflavin is commercially available in combination with other vitamins and iron. For IV infusion, riboflavin is commercially available in combination with other vitamins.

AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2009, Selected Revisions August 2009. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed.