Hepatitis A - vaccine Health Article

Definition

The hepatitis A vaccine protects you against a type of liver inflammation called hepatitis A. The vaccine will not protect you from other types of hepatitis.

Alternative Names

Vaccine - hepatitis A; Immunization - hepatitis A

Information

The vaccine, called Havrix or VAQTA, is made from inactivated whole virus of hepatitis A. The inactive virus stimulates your body to produce antibodies against the hepatitis A virus.

The vaccine is given by an injection in your arm. You should be protected against the disease within 2 weeks after receiving the first dose. However, to ensure complete immunization against the disease, two vaccinations are required. After receiving the first vaccination, children and adults should have a booster vaccination in 6 to 12 months.

A vaccine for adults called Twinrix provides protection against both Hepatitis A and B. It is given in 3 doses.

WHO SHOULD BE IMMUNIZED

People who work or travel in areas with high rates of infection should be vaccinated. These areas include Africa, Asia (except Japan), the Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central and Southern America, Mexico, and parts of the Caribbean.

If you are traveling to these areas before you are fully immunized (less than 4 weeks after your first shot), you should receive a preventive dose of immunoglobulin (IG). If you are just a short-term traveler to these areas, you may wish to receive the immunoglobulin (IG) instead of the vaccine.

This vaccine is required in children in Alaska, Arizona, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Utah. In addition, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends (but does not mandate) routine vaccination of all children older than age 1 with two doses of vaccine spaced 6 months apart.

Other people who are at higher risk for hepatitis A include:

• Illegal intravenous drug users
• People who work with the hepatitis A virus in a laboratory or with primates that may be infected with the virus
• People who have chronic liver disease
• People who receive clotting factor concentrate to treat hemophilia or other clotting disorders
• Military personnel
• Homosexual or bisexual men
• Employees of child day-care centers
• People who care for institutionalized patients

WHO SHOULD NOT BE IMMUNIZED

If you have had hepatitis A in the past, you do not need the vaccine. Once you have recovered from the disease, you are immune for life.

Others who should NOT receive the vaccine include:

• People who are allergic to the components of the vaccine
• Children less than 1 year old
• Pregnant or nursing mothers
• Those who are are sick or have a fever (can delay receiving the vaccine until the illness goes away)

RISKS

The most common side effect of the vaccine is pain at the injection site. Other rare, but possible, side effects include:

• Redness, swelling, or bruising at the injection site
• Headache
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite

CALL YOUR PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROVIDER IF:

• You develop rash, itching, hives, or difficulty breathing after the injection
• You develop any other symptoms after hepatitis A immunization
• You have other questions or concerns about hepatitis A immunization

References

CDC. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-12).

CDC. General recommendations on immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). MMWR. 2002;51 (No. RR-2).