Generalized tonic-clonic seizure

Definition

A generalized tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure involving the entire body. It is also called a grand mal seizure. Such seizures usually involve muscle rigidity, violent muscle contractions, and loss of consciousness.

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are the type of seizure that most people associate with the term "seizure," convulsion, or epilepsy. They may occur in people of any age, as a single episode, or as part of a repeated, chronic condition (epilepsy).

For more information see:

• Seizures
• Epilepsy
• Fever (febrile) convulsions
• Petit mal or absence seizures
• Partial (focal) seizures

Alternative Names

Seizure - tonic-clonic; Seizure - grand mal; Grand mal seizure; Seizure - generalized

Symptoms

Many patients have an aura (a sensory warning sign) before the seizure. This can include vision, taste, smell, or sensory changes, hallucinations, or dizziness.

The seizure itself involves:

• Loss of consciousness or fainting, usually lasting between 30 seconds and 5 minutes
• General muscle contraction and rigidity (tonic posture), usually lasting 15 - 20 seconds
• Violent rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic movement), usually lasting for 1 -2 minutes
• Biting the cheek or tongue, clenched teeth or jaw
• Incontinence (loss of urine or stool control)
• Stopped breathing or difficulty breathing during seizure
• Blue skin color

Almost all people lose consciousness, and most people have both tonic and clonic muscle activity.

After the seizure, the person usually has:

• Normal breathing
• Sleepiness that lasts for 1 hour or longer
• Loss of memory (amnesia) regarding events surrounding the seizure episode
• Headache
• Drowsiness
• Confusion, temporary and mild
• Weakness for up to 24 - 48 hours following seizure (This is called Todd's paralysis.)

References

Foldvary-Schaefer N, Wyllie E. Epilepsy. In: Goetz CG. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2007.

Marx J. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2002.

Krumholz A, Wiebe S, Gronseth G, et al. Practice parameter: evaluating an apparent unprovoked first seizure in adults (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 2007;69(21):1996-2007.

Spencer SS. Seizures and epilepsy. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.

Tomson T, Hiilesmaa V. Epilepsy in pregnancy. BMJ. 2007;335(7623):769-773.

Sheth RD, Hardin CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48:39-41