Frostbite Health Article

Call immediately for emergency medical assistance if

• There has been severe frostbite, or if normal feeling and color do not return promptly after home treatment for mild frostbite.
• Frostbite has occurred recently and new symptoms develop, such as fever, malaise, discoloration, or drainage from the affected body part.

Prevention

Be aware of factors that can contribute to frostbite, such as extreme cold, wet clothes, high winds, and poor circulation. This can be caused by tight clothing or boots, cramped positions, fatigue, certain medications, smoking, alcohol use, or diseases that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes.

Wear suitable clothing in cold temperatures and protect susceptible areas. In cold weather, wear mittens (not gloves); wind-proof, water-resistant, many-layered clothing; two pairs of socks (cotton next to skin, then wool); and a scarf and a hat that cover the ears (to avoid substantial heat loss through the scalp).

Before anticipated prolonged exposure to cold, don't drink alcohol or smoke, and get adequate food and rest.

If caught in a severe snowstorm, find shelter early or increase physical activity to maintain body warmth.

References

Ulrich AS. Hypothermia and localized cold injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2004; 22(2): 281-98.

Petrone P. Surgical management and strategies in the treatment of hypothermia and cold injury.  Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003; 21(4): 1165-78.

Morton PM. Wilderness survival. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 204; 22(2): 475-509, ix-x.