Ectodermal dysplasia

Definition

Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of conditions in which there is abnormal development of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, or sweat glands.

Alternative Names

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

There are many different types of ectodermal dysplasia.

Many gene defects can cause ectodermal dysplasias. The most common form of ectodermal dysplasia usually affects men. Other forms of the disease affect men and women equally.

Symptoms

People with ectodermal dysplasia may not sweat or may have decreased sweating because of a lack of sweat glands.

Children with the disease may have difficulty controlling fevers. Mild illness can produce extremely high fevers, because the skin cannot sweat and control temperature properly.

Affected adults are unable to tolerate a warm environment and need special measures to keep a normal body temperature.

Other symptoms include:

• Abnormal nails
• Abnormal or missing teeth
• Absent or decreased tears
• Decreased skin color (pigment)
• Heat intolerance
• Inability to sweat
• Large forehead
• Lower-than-normal number of teeth
• Low nasal bridge
• Poor hearing
• Poor temperature regulation
• Poor vision
• Thin, sparse hair
• Thin skin

Signs and tests

Tests that may be done include:

• Biopsy of the mucus membranes
• Biopsy of the skin
• Genetic testing (available for some types of this disorder)

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for this disorder.

Some things you can do include:

• Wear a wig and dentures to improve appearance.
• Use artificial tears to replace normal tearing and prevent drying of the eyes.
• Spray the nostrils with saline nose spray often to remove debris and prevent infection.
• Live in a cooler climate and take cooling water baths or use water sprays to keep a normal body temperature (water evaporating from the skin replaces the cooling function of sweat evaporating from the skin).

Expectations (prognosis)

Having ectodermal dysplasia will not shorten your lifespan, but you must pay constant attention to temperature regulation and other problems associated with this condition.

Complications

• Brain damage caused by increased body temperature
• Seizures caused by high fever (febrile seizures)

Calling your health care provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if your child shows symptoms of this disorder.

Prevention

If you have a family history of ectodermal dysplasia and you are planning to have children, genetic counseling is recommended. In many cases it is possible to diagnose ectodermal dysplasia while the baby is still in the womb.

References

Morelli JG. Ectodermal dysplasias. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 648.