Drug allergies Health Article

Definition

Drug allergies are a group of symptoms caused by allergic reaction to a drug (medication).

Alternative Names

Allergic reaction - drug (medication)

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Adverse reactions to drugs are common, and almost any drug can cause an adverse reaction. Reactions range from irritating or mild side effects such as nausea and vomiting to life-threatening anaphylaxis.

A true drug allergy results from a series of chemical steps within the body that produce the allergic reaction to a medication. One time (often the first time you take the drug), your immune system launches an incorrect response that is not noticeable. The next time you take the drug, an immune response occurs, and your body produces antibodies and histamine.

Most drug allergies cause minor skin rashes and hives. Serum sickness is a delayed type of drug allergy that occurs a week or more after exposure to a medication or vaccine.

Penicillin and related antibiotics are the most common cause of drug allergies. Other common allergy-causing drugs include:

• Sulfa drugs
• Anticonvulsants
• Insulin preparations (particularly animal sources of insulin)
• Iodinated (containing iodine) x-ray contrast dyes (these can cause allergy-like anaphylactoid reactions)

Most side effects of drugs are not due to an allergic reaction. For example, aspirin can cause nonallergic hives or trigger asthma. Some drug reactions are considered "idiosyncratic." This means the reaction is an unusual effect of the medication, not due to a predictable chemical effect of the drug. Many people confuse an uncomfortable, but not serious, side effect of a medicine (such as nausea) with a true drug allergy, which can be life threatening.

Symptoms

• Anaphylaxis, or severe allergic reaction (see below)
• Hives (a less common type of rash)
• Itching of the skin or eyes (common)
• Skin rash (common)
• Swelling of the lips, tongue, or face
• Wheezing

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Confusion
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing with wheeze or hoarse voice
• Dizziness
• Fainting, light-headedness
• Hives over different parts of the body
• Nausea, vomiting
• Rapid pulse
• Sensation of feeling the heart beat (palpitations)