Acute myeloid leukemia Health Article

Definition

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is cancer that starts inside bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. The cancer grows from cells that would normally turn into white blood cells.

Acute means the disease develops quickly.

See also:

• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
• Leukemia

Alternative Names

Acute myelogenous leukemia; AML; Acute granulocytic leukemia; Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL); Leukemia - acute myeloid (AML); Leukemia - acute granulocytic; Leukemia - nonlymphocytic (ANLL)

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common types of leukemia among adults. This type of cancer is rare under age 40. It generally occurs around age 65. (This article focuses on AML in adults.)

AML is more common in men than women.

Persons with this type of cancer have abnormal cells inside their bone marrow. The cells grow very fast, and replace healthy blood cells. The bone marrow, which helps the body fight infections, eventually stops working correctly. Persons with AML become more prone to infections and have an increased risk for bleeding as the numbers of healthy blood cells decrease.

Most of the time, a doctor cannot tell you what caused AML. However, the following things are thought to lead to some types of leukemia, including AML:

• Certain chemicals (for example, benzene)
• Certain chemotherapy drugs, including etoposide and drugs known as alkylating agents
• Radiation

Problems with your genes may also play a role in the development of AML.

You have an increased risk for AML if you have or had any of the following:

• A weakened immune system (immunosuppression) due to an organ transplant
• Blood disorders, including:
  • Polycythemia vera
  • Essential thrombocythemia
  • Myelodysplasia (refractory anemia)
• Exposure to radiation and chemicals

Symptoms

• Abnormal menstrual periods
• Bleeding from the nose
• Bleeding gums
• Bruising
• Bone pain or tenderness
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Paleness
• Shortness of breath (gets worse with exercise)
• Skin rash or lesion
• Swollen gums (rare)
• Weight loss